Evolution and Natural Selection Tutorial

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Evolution and Natural Selection Tutorial

• Introduction
• Natural Selection
• Genetic Drift
• Quiz

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In this tutorial, you will learn

• How natural selection provides a mechanism for
  evolution.
• Natural selection results from selective
  pressures in the environment and is not random.
• There are also random processes like genetic
  drift that can upset genetic equilibrium.
• Only natural selection results in adaptation.

Credits Figures and images by N. Wheat unless
otherwise noted. Photo of Charles Darwin from
Wikipedia. Elephant seal photo from
pdphoto.org. Funded by Title V-STEM grant
P031S090007.
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Early Ideas About Evolution

• Carolus Linnaeus (1700s)-Swedish Botanist
  developed a classification system for all types
  of organisms known at the time. Linnaeus
  abandoned the common belief that ALL organisms
  are fixed and did not change.
• He proposed that some may have arisen through
  hybridization.

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Early Ideas About Evolution

• Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1700s)-French
  Naturalist that proposed that species shared
  ancestors instead of arising separately.
• Rejected the idea that the Earth was 6000 years
  old.

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Early Ideas About Evolution

• Erasmus Darwin (1731)-English Doctor and poet.
  Proposed that all living things descended from a
  common ancestor and that more-complex forms of
  life arose from less-complex forms.
• Who do you think this guy is?

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Early Ideas About Evolution

• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1809) -French naturalist
  proposed that all organisms evolved toward
  perfection and complexity.
• Did not belief that organisms became extinct.
  Instead he reasoned that they must have evolved
  into different forms.
• Lamarck proposed that changes in the environment
  caused an organisms behavior to change, leading
  to greater use or disuse of a structure or organ.
  The structure would become larger or smaller as a
  result. Organism would then pass these changes
  on to its offspring. Idea is known as Inheritance
  of Acquired Characteristics.

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Early Ideas About Evolution

• Theories of geologic change set the stage for
  Darwins theory.
• Georges Cuvier-French zoologist did not think
  species could change, he did believe that they
  could become extinct.
• Using the fossil record, different species that
  were found in different layers he proposed the
  following
• Catastrophism- volcanoes, floods and
  earthquakes are events that were responsible for
  mass extinctions and the formation of all
  landforms, causing organisms to become extinct.

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Early Ideas About Evolution

• Theories of geologic change set the stage for
  Darwins theory.
• James Hutton (1700s)- Scottish geologist
  proposed that the changes he observed in
  landforms resulted from slow changes over a long
  period of time, a principle known as gradualism.
  
• He believed that the laying down of soil or the
  creation of canyons by rivers cutting through
  rock was a very slow process.

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Early Ideas About Evolution

• Theories of geologic change set the stage for
  Darwins theory.
• Charles Lyell (1830s)- expanded on Huttons
  theory of gradualism into uniformitarianism.
• Uniformitariansim- theory states that geologic
  processes that are still occurring today, add up
  over long periods of time and cause great change.

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Introduction

• Evolution includes all of the changes in the
  characteristics and diversity of life that occur
  throughout time.
• Evolution can occur on both large and small
  scales.
• Microevolution
• Macroevolution

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Introduction

• The concept of evolution, that organisms may
  change over time, was not new in Darwins time.
• However, it was not a widely accepted concept
  because no one understood how it could work.
• A mechanism was missing.

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Natural Selection

• Darwin provided that mechanism with his theory of
  Natural Selection.

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Natural Selection

• In any population of organisms there is natural
  variation.
• Some of these variations will allow the organisms
  possessing them to survive and reproduce better
  than those without these particular traits.

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Natural Selection

• The successful traits will spread through the
  population.
• This change in the frequency of alleles in the
  population is evolution.

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Natural Selection High Reproductive Potential

• Darwin observed that organisms have the potential
  for very high fertility.
• Organisms have the potential to produce, and
  often do produce large numbers of offspring.
• Population size would quickly become unmanageable
  if all of the offspring survived.

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Natural Selection Population Size Remains
Constant

• Despite this high potential fertility, natural
  populations usually remain constant in size,
  except for small fluctuations.
• Not all of the potential offspring survive.

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Natural Selection Limited Resources

• Resources that organisms need to survive are
  limited.
• Food, water, shelter, nesting sites, etc.

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Natural Selection Competition

• If there are not enough resources for all of the
  individuals, there will be competition for those
  resources.
• Survivors represent a small part of the
  individuals produced each generation.

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Natural Selection Populations Show Variation

• Which individuals will survive is often not a
  matter of luck.
• Populations show variation individuals are not
  identical.
• They differ in many different traits.

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Natural Selection Variation is Heritable

• Some of the variation between individuals in the
  population is heritable.
• It can be passed down from one generation to the
  next.

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Natural Selection Some traits Enhance Survival

• Some of the traits found in the population
  enhance the survival and reproduction of the
  organisms possessing them.

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Natural Selection Adaptation

• The favored traits will spread through the
  population.
• Over many generations, the species will become
  adapted to its environment.
• Over time, these changes can lead to the
  formation of a new species.

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Adaptation

• A species may become adapted to its environment
  in response to environmental pressures.
• A trait may be favored due to enhanced survival
  or reproduction when faced with a particular
  aspect of the environment.

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Adaptation

• When an environment changes, or when individuals
  move to a new environment, natural selection may
  result in adaptation to the new conditions.
• Sometimes this results in a new species.
• Geographical isolation

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Populations Evolve

• Individuals do not evolve populations evolve.
• Evolution is measured as changes in relative
  proportions of heritable variations in a
  population over several generations.

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Natural Selection Important Points

• Natural selection can only work on heritable
  traits.
• Acquired traits are not heritable and are not
  subject to natural selection.

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Natural Selection Important Points

• Environmental factors are variable.
• A trait that is beneficial in one place or time
  may be detrimental in another place or time.

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Natural Selection Important Points

• Natural selection is not random. It occurs in
  response to environmental pressures and results
  in adaptation.

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Natural Selection Important Points

• When natural selection is occurring, some
  individuals are having better reproductive
  success than others.
• Alleles are being passed to the next generation
  in frequencies that are different from the
  current generation.
• See the Tutorial on Microevolution!

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Upsetting Genetic Equilibrium

• Natural selection is not the only way that allele
  frequencies can change from one generation to the
  next.
• Genetic Drift a random loss of alleles.
• Mutation a new mutation can add alleles.
• Nonrandom mating inbreeding increases the
  number of homozygous traits.
• Migration shuffles alleles between populations
  can prevent speciation.

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Genetic Drift

• The smaller the sample, the greater the chance of
  deviation from expected results.
• These random deviations from expected frequencies
  are called genetic drift.
• Allele frequencies are more likely to deviate
  from the expected in small populations.

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Genetic Drift

• Which allele gets lost is due to random chance.
• Over time, drift tends to reduce genetic
  variation through random loss of alleles.

Frequency CR 0.5 Frequency CW 0.5
Frequency CR 1.0 Frequency CW 0
Frequency CR 0.7 Frequency CW 0.3

• CRCR red
• CRCW pink
• CWCW white

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The Bottleneck Effect

• Sometimes a catastrophic event can severely
  reduce the size of a population.
• The random assortment of survivors may have
  different allele frequencies.
• This is a type of genetic drift called the
  bottleneck effect.

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The Bottleneck Effect

• The actions of people sometimes cause bottlenecks
  in other species.
• N. California elephant seal population reduced to
  20-100 individuals in the 1890s.
• Current population gt 30,000.
• Variation drastically reduced 24 genes with 1
  allele.

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The Founder Effect

• Founder effect Another type of genetic drift
  occurs when a small group of individuals becomes
  separated from the population and form a new
  population. The allele frequencies in their gene
  pool may be different than the original
  population.

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A researcher studying the evolution of flight in
birds is focusing on
Question 1

• Microevolution
• Macroevolution
• The bottleneck effect

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Sorry!
Question 1

• That is incorrect.
• Try again!

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Congratulations!
Question 1

• You are correct!

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What was the mechanism of evolution that Darwin
proposed?
Question 2

• Natural Selection
• Macroevolution
• Genetic drift
• Chromosomal basis of inheritance

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Question 2

• That is incorrect.
• Try again!

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Congratulations!
Question 2

• You are correct!

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In every population there is variation. It is
important that this variation
Question 3

• Involves a variety of colors
• Is heritable
• Is not noticeable
• Is acquired during an organisms lifetime

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Question 3

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• Try again!

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Congratulations!
Question 3

• You are correct!

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During natural selection, some organisms will
survive reproduce better than others. This is
due to
Question 4

• Random chance
• Humans choosing which animals to breed
• Environmental pressures resulting in organisms
  with certain traits having the best reproductive
  success
• Luck

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Question 4

• That is incorrect.
• Try again!

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Congratulations!
Question 4

• You are correct!

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Which statement about adaptation is NOT true?
Question 5

• A species may become adapted to its environment
  in response to environmental pressures.
• A species is perfectly adapted to its environment
  from the beginning.
• As favored traits spread through the population,
  a species will become adapted to its environment.
• When an environment changes, or when individuals
  move to a new environment, natural selection may
  result in adaptation to the new conditions,
  sometimes this results in a new species.

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Question 5

• That is incorrect.
• Try again!

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Congratulations!
Question 5

• You are correct!

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How can allele frequencies change from one
generation to the next?
Question 6

• Genetic drift
• Natural selection
• Mutation
• Migration
• All of the above

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Question 6

• That is incorrect.
• Try again!

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Congratulations!
Question 6

• You are correct!

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Which of the following is NOT due to random
chance?
Question 7

• Genetic drift
• The bottleneck effect
• Natural selection
• The founder effect

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Question 7

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• Try again!

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Congratulations!
Question 7

• You are correct!

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After a catastrophe reduces the size of a
population, the survivors may have a different
set of allele frequencies. This is called
Question 8

• The bottleneck effect
• Natural selection
• The founder effect
• All of the above

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Question 8

• That is incorrect.
• Try again!

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Congratulations!
Question 8

• You are correct!