Anatomy

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Anatomy Physiology The Eye
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Accessory structures of the eye Orbital
Cavity

• Bones
• Optic Foramen
• Supra-orbital Foramen
• Fat pads

Ethmoid
Frontal
Sphenoid
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Palatine
Maxilla
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A. Accessory structures of the eye

• Eyebrow
• Eyelids
• Conjunctiva

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A. Accessory structures of the eye

• Lacrimal Apparatus
• Lacrimal gland
• Lacrimal secretion
• Nasolacrimal duct

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Accessory structures of the eye Extrinsic Eye
Muscles

• Superior rectus
• Inferior rectus
• Lateral rectus

• Medial rectus
• Inferior oblique
• Superior oblique

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Structure of the Eye

• 1. Fibrous Tunic - Sclera Cornea
• 2. Vascular Tunic Choroid, Ciliary body, Lens,
  Iris, Aqueous humor
• 3. Nervous (Sensory) Tunic Retina, Macula
  lutea, Optic Disc, Vitreous humor

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1. Fibrous Tunic
Sclera
Cornea
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• 2. Vascular Tunic

Aqueous Humor
Choroid
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2. Vascular Tunic
Iris Pupil Lens Suspensory Ligament Ciliary Body
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• 3. Nervous Tunic

Retina
Macula Lutea
Vitreous Humor
Vitreous Humor
Optic Disc
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Retina
Light
Optic Disc
Optic Nerve
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Retina
Rods Cones
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Retina Rods vs. Cones
Cones Green, Red, Blue Bright light Mostly in
macula lutea
Rods Black White Dim Light All over retina
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Vision Physiology1. Refraction Lenses
Refraction bending of light
Lenses
Concave
Focal point
R
Convex
R
Real Image
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Vision Physiology2. Visual focusing
Emmetropic Vision normal vision requires no
accommodation of the lens (20 ft.)
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C. Vision Physiology 3. Refraction problems

1. Myopia nearsightedness. Eyeball too long.
2. Hyperopia farsightedness. Eyeball too short
3. Astigmatism unequal curvature of lens
4. Presbyopia farsightedness due to age. Lens
   cannot accommodate. About 45 years.

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Snellen Eye Chart
Astigmatism Chart
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Emmetropic eye
Myopic eye
Hyperopic eye
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Myopic eye
Hyperopic eye
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Stereoscopic Vision and Depth Perception
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D. Disorders of the Eye

• Cataracts hardening clouding of the lens.
• Glaucoma buildup of aqueous humor.
• Color blindness sex-linked hereditary condition
  that results in the absence of one or more types
  of cones.
• a. Monochromates Black white
• b. Dichromates blue/yellow or red/green

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Color Blind Test
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Color Blind Test