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Title: Answer this question?


1
Answer this question?
  • From your experience in living life, is there any
    truthfulness to John Grays thesis
  • Men are from Mars, Women from Venus?

2
Consider
  • Are their significant differences in how you and
    your spouse perceive opportunities and problems?
  • Are their significant emotional and intimacy
    needs that distinguish you from your spouse?
  • Are their different modes of behavior between
    you and your spouse? For example, are men
    really wild at heart? do they really need
    adventure, the opportunity to save a damsel in
    distress, and be a hero to someone?

3
Ethics of Justice vs. Ethics of Care
  • An look into Carol Gilligans,
  • In a Different Voice Psychological Theory and
    Womens Development (Cambridge Harvard
    University Press, 1982, 1993),
  • Chapter 2.

4
Images of Relationships Chapter 2
  • Harvard Professor Carol Gilligan (1936-) begins
    Chapter 2 with the following introduction
  • in 1914 with his essay, on Narcissism, Freud
    swallows his distaste at the thought of a
    abandoning observation for barren theoretical
    controversy and extends his map of the
    psychological domain. Tracing the development of
    the capacity to love, which he equates with
    maturity and psychic health, he locates its
    origins in the contrast between love for the
    mother and love for the self. But in thus
    dividing the world of love into narcissism
    self-absorption and object relationships, he
    find that while mens development becomes
    clearer, womens becomes increasingly opaque.

5
Images of Relationships Chapter 2
  • Professor Gilligan continues
  • The problem arises because the contrast between
    mother and self yields two different
    relationships. Relying on the imagery of mens
    lives n charting the course of human growth,
    Freud is unable to trace in women the development
    of relationships, morality, or a clear sense of
    self. This difficulty in fitting the logic of
    his theory to womens experience leads him in the
    end to set women apart, marking their
    relationships, like their sexual life, as a dark
    continent for psychology. Freud, On
    Narcissism An Introduction (1914) XIV 212
    (pg. 24).

6
Images of Relationships Chapter 2
  • Professor Gilligan interprets Freud as stating
  • To Freud, though living surrounded by women and
    otherwise seeing so much and so well, womens
    relationships seemed increasingly mysterious,
    difficult to discern, and hard to describe.
    While this mystery indicates how theory can blind
    observation, it also suggests that development in
    women is masked by a particular conception of
    human relationships. Since the imagery of
    relationships shapes the narrative of human
    development, the inclusion of women, by changing
    that imagery, implies a change in the entire
    account (pp. 24-5).

7
The Shift in Imagery A Case StudyAmy and
Jake, two eleven year old students.
  • Amy and Jake were participants in a rights and
    responsibilities study which was designed to
    explore different conceptions of morality and
    self (pg. 25).
  • Both students were bright and articulate.
  • Amy desires to become a scientist.
  • Jake prefers English to math.
  • Their moral judgments seem initially to confirm
    familiar ideas about the differences between the
    sexes (i.e., girls having an edge in terms of
    moral development during the early school years
    which will give way at puberty with the rise of
    formal logical thought in boys (pg. 25).

8
The Shift in Imagery A Case StudyAmy and
Jake, two eleven year old students.
  • In the following moral dilemma we will see that
    Jake and Amy see two different problems

9
The Shift in Imagery A Case StudyAmy and
Jake, two eleven year old students.
  • The Moral Dilemma to Resolve
  • A man named Heinz considers whether or not to
    steal a drug which he cannot afford to buy in
    order to save the life of his wife.
  • Heinz predicament.
  • The wifes disease.
  • The druggists refusal to lower his price
  • Should Heinz steal the drug? The reason for and
    against stealing are then explored through a
    series of questions that vary and extend the
    parameters of the dilemma in a way design to
    reveal the underlying structure of moral thought

10
The Shift in Imagery A Case StudyAmy and
Jake, two eleven year old students.
  • Jake sees the moral conflict between values of
    property and life. He discerns the logical
    priority of life, and uses that logic to justify
    his choice.
  • For one thing, a human life is worth more than
    money, and if the druggist only makes 1,000, he
    is still going to live, but if Heinz doesnt
    steal the drug, his wife is going to die (Why is
    life worth more than money?). Because the
    druggist can get a thousand dollars later from
    rich people with cancer, but Heinz cant get his
    wife again (why not?) Because people are all
    different and so you couldnt get Heinzs wife
    again.

11
The Shift in Imagery A Case StudyAmy and
Jake, two eleven year old students.
  • Jake was also asked if Heinz should steal the
    drug if he doesnt love his spouse?
  • Jake replies that he should, saying that not
    only is there a a difference between hating and
    killing, but also if Heinz where caught, the
    judge would probably think it was the right thing
    to do. Asked about the fact that, in stealing,
    Heinz would breaking the law, he says that the
    laws have mistakes, and you cant go writing up a
    law for everything that you can imagine. (pg.
    26).

12
The Shift in Imagery A Case StudyAmy and
Jake, two eleven year old students.
  • Considering the law and recognizing its function
    in maintaining social order, the judge, Jake
    asserts, should give Heinz the lightest possible
    sentence. Jake considers the law to be
    man-made, subject to error and change (pg. 26).

13
Kohlberg Analysis
Moral Maturity (6 steps)
  • Jakes Ethics of Justice

14
What are Jakes Assumptions/Methodology? The
Ethics of Justice
  • Ethics of justice might be described as follows
  • 1. Locates truth in math which is the only
    thing that is totally logical pg. 26 (deductive
    logic) certainty is found in logic (pg. 45).
  • - He establishes the problem between life
    property as an equation proceeds to workout
    the solution it is a contest of rights.
  • 2. Rational conclusion He assumes anyone
    following reason would arrive a same
    conclusion.

15
What are Jakes Assumptions/Methodology? The
Ethics of Justice
  • Ethics of justice might be described as follows
  • 3. Differentiates morality from laws and
    examines how laws can be corrected/changed in
    order to have a principled conception of
    justice.
  • 4. Self is defined via autonomy personal
    confidence.
  • 5. Restraint from certain actions because of the
    needs of others (p 38).
  • 6. Transposes a hierarchy of power into a
    hierarchy of values (pg.32).
  • 7. Places the problem into an impersonal
    conflict of claims (pg. 32).

16
Images of Relationships Chapter 2
  • Amy offers a different view regarding Heinzs
    moral dilemma to the question whether the husband
    should steal the drug?
  • Well, I dont think so. I think there might be
    other ways besides stealing it, like if he could
    borrow the money or make a loan or something, but
    he really shouldnt steal the drug-but his wife
    shouldnt die either (pg. 28).

17
Images of Relationships Chapter 2
  • When Amy is asked why she should not steal the
    drug, her response is
  • If he stole the drug, he might save his wife,
    then, but if he did, he might have to go to jail,
    and then his wife might get sicker again, and he
    couldnt get more of the drug, and it might not
    be good. So, they should really just talk it out
    and find some other way to make the money (pg.
    28).
  • Asked whether or not Heinz loves his wife she
    maintained that he shouldnt steal or let her
    die. And even if it was a stranger dying, Heinz
    should still try to save her life, but not steal
    the drug (pg. 28).

18
Images of Relationships Chapter 2
  • When asked again why Heinz shouldnt steal she
    simply restates her position, Because its not
    right. When asked to explain why, she states,
    if he took it, he might not know how to give it
    to his wife, and so his wife might still die.
  • She assumes that if the druggist were to see the
    deathly situation, he would surely want to help
    him save her. If they would just talk about it,
    surely they could come to an understanding
    (e.g., The druggist could give it to them and
    have the husband pay for the drug later).
  • Lastly, she sees the problem being a failure of
    the druggist it is not right for someone to
    die when their life could be saved (pg. 29).

19
Test Results for Amy
  • When the test is considered in view of
    Kohlbergs definition of stages and sequence of
    moral development, her moral judgment are a full
    stage lower than those of Jake (pg. 30).
  • Scored as a mixture of stages 2 3 (shared
    conventions of societal agreement), she is as
    follows

20
Test Results for Amy
  • 1. Stunted by a failure of logic
  • 2. Inability to think for herself
  • 3. Her replies are evasive, unsure, lacks
    confidence powerlessness.
  • 4. Does not consider property and law but rather
    the effect that theft could have on the
    relationship between Heinz and wife.
  • 5. Sees the dilemma as being the druggists
    failure to respond to wife.
  • 6. The answer to the moral problem is
    communication rather than the systematic
    application of logic.

21
Test Results for Amy
  • In sum, following the Kohlberg test
  • Jake sees a conflict between life and property
    that be resolved by logical deduction and
    categorical thinking.
  • Amy see a conflict between life and a lack of
    communication the problem that can resolved by
    honesty and open communication she appeals to
    contextual relationships.
  • Kohlberg summarizes the test by stating that the
    children arrive at answers that fundamentally
    diverge because Jake demonstrates moral maturity
    through the application of logic.

22
A Network of Relationships
23
Whats Carol Gilligans Interpretation?
  • An Ethics of Care. Rather than being displayed
    as a hierarchy of maturity through the
    application of logic, females are fundamentally
    different than males (pg. 31)
  • We need to ask the question
  • What does Amy see that Jake doesnt?
  • An ethics of care according to Carol Gilligan.
  • In other words, like Amy, women have a different
    perspective they are able to achieve the highest
    level of moral development.

24
Descriptive Elements of An Ethic of Care
  • 1. The world is comprised of a web of
    relationships sustained by communication (pg.
    38).
  • -Actors in dilemmas are members of a network of
    relationships on whose communication they all
    depend (30).
  • 2. Self is defined through interpersonal
    connection.

25
Descriptive Elements of An Ethic of Care
  • 3. Amy speaks of morality and responsibility as a
    way of restoring community.
  • 4. Focuses on the need for a response.
  • 5. Wherever it is broken, thus the problem of
    loneliness constitutes a major moral problem.
  • 6. One is responsible to care for others, to
    alleviate their loneliness.

26
A Working Definition of an Ethic of Care
  • A working definition of Ethic of Care
  • 1. It is at least an ethical perspective that
    seeks to preserve and nurture the concrete
    relations in a web of relationships, attending
    and positively responding to the needs of others.

27
Other Observations Violence
  • In a series of studies on how danger is perceived
    between the sexes (pg. 42), men see danger
  • 1. Often in close personal affiliation than in
    achievement and constructing danger from
    intimacy
  • entrapment/betrayal
  • smothering relationship
  • humiliated by rejection/deceit.

28
Other Observations
  • Consider this fictional story
  • Nick saw his life pass before his eyes. He
    could feel the cold penetrating even deeper into
    his body. How long had it been since he had
    fallen through the ice-thirty-seconds, a minute?
    It wouldnt take long for him to succumb to the
    chilling grip of the mid-February Charles River.
    What a fool he had been to accept the challenge
    of his roommate Sam to cross the frozen river.
    He knew all along that Sam hated him. Hated him
    for being rich and especially hated him for being
    engaged to Mary, Sams childhood sweetheart. But
    Nick never realized until now that Mary also
    hated him and really loved Sam. Yet there they
    were, the two of them, calmly sitting on a beach
    in the riverbend, watching Nick drown. Theyd
    probably soon by married, and theyd probably
    finance it with the life insurance policy for
    which Mary was the beneficiary (pg. 40).

29
Other Observations
  • Women see danger
  • 1. Danger of isolation,
  • 2. A fear in standing out or being set apart by
    success, left alone (pg. 42),
  • 3. A relational failure (pg 43).
  • Thus, women see violence as a fracture of human
    connection with the activities of care being
    those activities that make the social world safe,
    avoids isolation, and prevents aggression.
  • Conclusion by Gilligan Men and women may
    experience attachment and separation in different
    ways and that each sex perceives a danger which
    the other does not see men in connection, women
    in separation (pg. 42).

30
Other Observations
  • When the interconnections of the web are
    dissolved by the hierarchical ordering of
    relationships, when nets are portrayed as
    dangerous entrapments impeding flight rather than
    protecting against the fall, women come to
    question whether what they have seen exists and
    whether what they know from their experience is
    true. These questions are raised not as
    abstract philosophical speculations about the
    nature of reality and truth but as personal
    doubts that invade womens sense of themselves,
    compromising their ability to act on their own
    perceptions and thus their willingness to take
    responsibility for what they do. This issue
    becomes central in womens development during the
    adolescent years, when thought becomes reflective
    and the problem of interpretation thus enters the
    stream of development itself (pg. 49).

31
Other Observations The struggle to be
understood the struggle for uniqueness in a
context of relationships.
  • In view of this hierarchical relationship of
    ethics of justice, both psychologists and women
    themselves find it difficulty to account for
    their identity and moral belief they are in
    crisis
  • A crisis that centers on her struggle to
    disentangle her voice from the voices of others
    and to find a language that represents her
    experience of relationships and her sense of
    herself (pg. 51).

32
Images of Relationships Chapter 2
  • In her concluding remarks, Professor Gilligan
    offers the following statements (pp. 62-3).
  • While the truths of psychological theory have
    blinded psychologists to the truth of womens
    experience, that experience illuminates a world
    where psychologists have found hard to trace, a
    territory where violence is rare and
    relationships appear safe. The reason womens
    experience has been so difficult to decipher or
    even discern is that a shift in the imagery of
    relationships gives rise to a problem of
    interpretation. The images of hierarchy and web,
    drawn from the texts of mens and womens
    fantasies and thoughts, convey different ways of
    structuring relationships and are associated with
    different views of morality and self. But these
    images create a problem in understanding because
    each distorts the others representation.

33
Images of Relationships Chapter 2
  • As the top of the hierarchy becomes the edge of
    the web and as the center of a network of
    connection becomes the middle of a hierarchical
    progression, each image marks as dangerous the
    place which the other defines as safe. Thus the
    images of hierarchy and web inform different
    modes of assertion and response the wish to be
    alone at the top and the consequent fear that
    others will get too close the wish to be at the
    center of connection and the consequent fear of
    being too far out on the edge. These disparate
    fears of being stranded and being caught give
    rise to different portrayals of achievement and
    affiliation, leading to different modes of action
    and different ways of assessing the consequence
    of choice.

34
Images of Relationships Chapter 2
  • She goes on to say in the last paragraph
  • The reinterpretation of womens experience in
    terms of their own imagery of relationships thus
    clarifies the experience and also provides a
    nonhierarchical vision of human connection.
    Since relationships, when case in the imagery of
    hierarchy, appear inherently unstable and morally
    problematic, their transposition into the image
    of web changes an order of inequality into a
    structure of interconnection.

35
Images of Relationships Chapter 2
  • She continues
  • But the power of the images of hierarchy and
    web, their evocation of feelings and their
    recurrence in thought, signifies the embeddedness
    of both of these images in the cycle of human
    life. The experiences of inequality and
    interconnection, inherent in the relation of
    parent and child, then give rise to the ethics of
    justice and care, the ideals of human
    relationship,-the vision that self and other will
    be treated as of equal worth, that despite
    difference in power, things will be fair the
    vision that everyone will be responded to and
    included, that no one will be left alone or hurt.
    These disparate visions in their tension reflect
    the paradoxical truths of human experience-that
    we know ourselves as separate only insofar as we
    live in connection with others, and that we
    experience relationship only insofar as we
    differentiate other from self (pg. 62-3).

36
Is this Distinction Philosophically Sound?
  • B. Is it philosophically sound? If it is sound
    as an alternative approach in ethical theory, a
    feminine approach (in contrast to utilitarian
    or deontological ethics) one might answer with a
    resounding no. If it is sound in bringing to
    the forefront how masculine structures dominated
    Western thought and culture (from authority
    structures to linguistics), oppressing,
    discriminating, and nullifying feminine
    development/identity in a modernistic worldview,
    then same people might argue yes.

37
Is this Distinction Philosophically Sound?
  • 4 reasons that may be used to argue that
    Gilligans view is not philosophically sound
  • 1. Do boys inherently use formal logical
    thought, relying on the conventions of
    logic with no regard for interpersonal
    relationships?
  • 2. If the world is constituted primarily by a
    network of relationships, then we would take
    justice into account that would involve
    rules, maxims, or principles.

38
Is this Distinction Philosophically Sound?
  • 3. If ethics of care is interpreted as an
    ethical approach rather than merely a
    complementary perspective, advocating the
    displacement of normative ethics such as
    utilitarianism (for its emphasis on
    calculations, horrific injustices, future
    consequences, etc) or deontological ethics (for
    its focus on rules, rationality, or absolutes to
    the neglect of a persons welfare, etc), one
    might argue that this model is not
    philosophically sound for the following 5
    reasons

39
Is this Distinction Philosophically Sound?
  • A. Care ethics lacks clarity in resolving moral
    conflicts.
  • B. Vast differences on what constitutes care
    nurture or even relations. Different
    people, cultures, and sub-groups have vast
    opinions on what constitutes care. (Some
    people eat their neighbors for food whereas
    others love their neighbors ?). Aristotles
    Republic Spartan Rule, to Marxism,
    postmillennialism, etc.
  • C. Is care a feminine morality, a master-value
    and all other things are valuable only to the
    extent that they can contribute to it?

40
Is this Distinction Philosophically Sound?
  • D. It fails to gives us significant help in the
    practicalities on how we should behave it is
    too nebulous (unlike utilitarianism with its
    calculations or deontological ethics with its
    universal and necessary a priori rules).
  • E. There is no distinctly feminine morality (cf.
    Mary Wollstonecraft in Vindication of the Rights
    of Woman).
  • - If there is a feminine morality does that
    mean that utilitarianism and deontological
    ethics is a masculine morality because it is not
    as caring?

41
Is this distinction philosophically sound?
  • 4. Jean Grimshaws criticisms
  • A. There is little agreement among women on what
    accounts as female values.
  • B. Dependent on the polarization of masculine
    and feminine which has itself been so closely
    related to the subordination of women.
  • C. There is no autonomous realm of female
    virtues
  • A Companion to Ethics, The Idea of a Female
    Ethic edited by Peter Singer (Oxford
    Blackwell, 1991), pg. 498.

42
Is this Distinction Philosophically Sound?
  • On the other hand, one could argue that this
    distinction is ultimately true but the way it has
    been handled is confusing and unclear. If the
    following is true, then the ethics of care has
    not been ignored in philosophy

43
Is this Distinction Philosophically Sound?
  • Philosophically, (1) the ethics of justice is
    better interpreted as a theory of individualism
    and ethics of care as a theory of community. To
    be sure, both views have been taught in
    philosophy, though one could argue, analogous to
    the critique of modernism by critical continental
    thinkers, that (2) modernism at is apex (with all
    its authority structures and conceptions) ignored
    discriminated, oppressed, and even nullified
    female identity, development, and voice (e.g.,
    Freud) in contemporary thought and culture.
  • Lets take a closer look at these two issues.
  • Consider the following quotes

44
Consider the following
  • Community
  • AristotleIn the Ethics we are told that Man is
    born for citizenship, and in the Politics we are
    told, Man is by nature a political animal.
    More explicitly, Aristotle tells us, The state
    is by nature clearly prior to the family and to
    the individual, since the whole is of necessity
    prior to the part.
  • For Aristotle, then, the individual presupposes
    community. The sustenance of community is the
    moral goal, not the moral problem.

45
Consider the following
  • Community
  • Hegel Patriotism does not simply mean the
    willingness to make exceptional sacrifices.
    Rather, it is the recognition that the community
    is ones substantive groundwork and end (268).
  • Here again, in an Aristotelian vein, we see in
    very plain language that the community is
    presupposed by the individual for Hegel. The
    moral self cannot define itself in separation
    from others, but rather must understand itself as
    constituted by its connection with others in the
    community.

46
Consider the following
  • Community
  • MarxLiving with others does not constitute for
    Marx (as it seemed to do for Jake) a limitation
    on personal freedom. Rather, only in the
    community is personal freedom possible (197).
  • Here again we see a clear priority being
    established the individual can only be defined
    through relationship with other members of
    community.

47
Need for Contracts
  • Individualism
  • HobbesIn the state of nature, men are in the
    condition which is called war, and such a war as
    is of every man against every man.
  • The natural state of man is solitary. And it
    becomes clear that this picture of humanity,
    though perhaps softened a bit, is essentially
    that of all contract theorists. For the whole
    premise behind contract theory is that human
    beings are essentially individuals, wildly
    scrambling to pursue their own interests.

48
According to Mill
  • Individualism
  • The liberty of the individual must be thus far
    limited he must not make himself a nuisance to
    other people. This is in Mills chapter
    praising individualism as one of the elements of
    well-being.
  • This, for Mill, is the pinnacle of moral
    responsibility not being a nuisance. And this
    is the sentiment expressed by Jake when he
    explained that, if he wanted to kill himself, he
    should do it with a gun rather than a stick of
    dynamite, since the dynamite might kill others,
    i.e., be a nuisance to them.

49
Individualism according to Rawls and Nozick
  • Individualism
  • John Rawls and Robert Nozick, for example,
    although differing from one another in
    substantial ways, are unanimous in their
    individualism. The community presupposes the
    individual and, for both of them, having to live
    in community with others constitutes the problem
    that philosophy must solve.

50
Individualism according to Rawls and Nozick
  • Individualism
  • In fact, the community is seen as nothing but
    the sum of individual preferences, therefore
    necessitating a morality of restraint. Even what
    appears to be a morality of care, for Rawls, is
    best characterized in terms of a limitation of
    the individuals limitless pursuit of gain and
    pleasure. So, although historically the ethic of
    care has not been omitted, it has certainly been
    overlooked in much modern and contemporary moral
    thought.

51
In Summary
  • What Gilligan calls an ethic of care has not
    been ignored in the history of philosophy.
    Indeed, an ethic of care has been the
    predominant model for moral thinking until the
    last few centuries. Still, one can understand
    why it might seem as though the ethic of care has
    been omitted. The major thinkers in modern and
    even contemporary moral and social-political
    philosophy have been largely concerned with what
    Gilligan calls an ethic of justice. This is in
    view of the rise of modernism and its
    ramifications in thought and culture, and the two
    dominant ethical views prior to 1958 (Anscombes
    article) Utilitarianism vs. Deontological
    ethics.

52
Oppression of a Female Identity
  • To be sure, some say that care ethicists and
    even more forceful feminist philosophers do bring
    a warranted claim that needs to be considered in
    contemporary society wherever gender oppression
    exists, critical evaluation and reform is needed.
    In fact, they argue that we need to end
    oppression wherever it exists, whereby certain
    types of people are not inherently seen as
    inherently valuable, where voices are neglected,
    rejected, discriminated, and persecuted.
  • Do you agree or disagree? Why?
  • WHAT IS YOUR JUSTIFICATION?

53
Alienation of a female identity in a Modernistic
Worldview
  • However, like continental theorists, in
    contemporary thought some blame modernism with
    its emphasis upon rationality, individualism, and
    categorical-systematic thinking whereby females
    are defined, categorized related, and interpreted
    in view of their synchronic relationship to
    maleness, whether culturally, linguistically,
    etc. (hence, even the word fe-male or wo-man)
    to the extent that the psychological theory of
    and study of women have been alienated (e.g.,
    Freud).

54
Alienation of a female identity in a Modernistic
Worldview
  • Whether there is really is a distinctly feminine
    care ethics perspective, it is difficult to
    deny that females have been ignored or
    undervalued, and even alienated in certain
    segments of Western thought and culture (e.g.,
    Taliban Marxism).

55
Lets consider the following?
  • If women and men are significantly different in
    how they perceive and respond to others
    (relationships, opportunities, problems, etc),
    then when it comes moral conflicts, how would
    these two groups perceive and interpret moral
    conflicts? What is the probability that men and
    women would come to the same conclusion (consider
    Jake and Amys case)?
  • All women jury vs. All men jury?
  • 50 men vs.50 women on a jury?
  • Moral conflicts at home?
  • Moral conflicts at work?
  • Moral conflicts at school?

56
Considerations from a Biblical WorldviewA
Harmony of Differences
  • 1. Radical feminism has blurred the distinctions
    between the sexes, leaving men and women stranded
    in regard to forming their sex roles.
    Elizabeth Eliot.
  • 2. Archetypes (First Stamp) Man and Woman
    were historical Adam and Eve. They were both
    made by God, in the image of God, and placed in
    moral responsibility (Gen. 1-2).
  • 3. God created women gloriously different than
    man, from the man, for the man (fulfillment), and
    named by the man. It was not out of dust, but
    out of Adams rib.

57
Considerations from a Biblical Worldview
  • 4. Each were given a responsibility expressed in
    different modality each expresses His image It
    is a glorious harmony of differences.
  • 5. It was Gods idea of an operator and
    responder. Just as there is an ebb and flow,
    moon and sun, and lesser and greater. Likewise,
    Operator (leader, Adam) and co-operator
    (responder, Eve) (e.g., Waltz).

58
Considerations from a Biblical Worldview
  • 6. The harmony was defaced by sin (Gen. 3). The
    original archetype was historical Adam and Eve
    (Gen. 126-27 Gen. 9). The serpent came and
    tempted her to upgrade her lifestyle. But, we
    have to remember that humanity was not created to
    bear the weight of responsibility from the Tree
    of Good and Evil. She was too proud be a human
    being, she wanted to be like God, appealing to
    the lust of the eyes, flesh, and pride of life.
    In Adams presence, she usurped Adams authority
    and he abdicated his leadership. Thus, he came
    to be responder and she became the operator.
    Believed she would be deprived of fulfillment
    from God, she yielded to that temptation.

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Considerations from a Biblical Worldview
  • 7. In view of yielding to the temptation, Adam
    ceased to husband Eve, failed to protect her,
    failed to be the leader, and capitulated to Eves
    whim. She took the initiative and usurped his
    authority, reversing the roles.
  • 8. Where is fulfillment found? Is it in vocation
    or obedience? Fulfillment is located in
    obedience by saying yes Lord God, what do you
    want me to do? (involves obedience and being
    the appropriate godly person virtue).

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Considerations from a Biblical Worldview
  • 9. What is a biblical view of subordination
    (e.g., consider the doctrine of the Trinity)?
    Many problems or reactions to a biblical view of
    the harmony of differences is confusing
    essence and function. But just as the Only
    and only Triune God is one essence (Triunity),
    each member of the Trinity, fully and equally
    God, they also show an order or function of
    subordination (The Holy Spirit submits to the
    Son the Son submits to the Father). Made
    according to our likeness Genesis 126-27.
  • 10. Philippians 19-10 relationships cannot be
    divorced from discernment.

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Consider her perspective from a Biblical
worldviewWe are made in the image of God
  • 1. Image content (intellect, will, emotion).
  • 2. Image dominion (authority rule)
  • 3. Image interpersonal relationships (in our
    image)
  • 4. Representation (we are his Representatives)
  • 5. Holistic (all the above seen like a
    diamond).

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