SolutionsAcids

1
Chapter 8
SolutionsAcids Bases
2
Solutions - a mixture that appears to be a
single substance but is composed of particles of
two or more substances that are distributed
evenly among each other
Dissolving - the process in which particles of
substances separate and spread evenly in a
mixture
3
Solute - the substance that is dissolved
Solvent - the substance in which the solute is
dissolved
Soluble - able to dissolve
Insoluble - unable to dissolve
Not all solutions are liquids, some are gases
and even solids!!!
4
Alloys - solid solutions of metals or nonmetals
dissolved in metals
- brass (zinc/copper), bronze, etc..
Concentration - a measure of the amount of solute
dissolved in a solvent
Saturated - a solution that contains all the
solute it can hold at a given temp.
5
Unsaturated - contains less solute than it
can hold
Supersaturated - contains more solute than it
normally can hold at a given temperature
(unstable)
There are three (3) factors that help things
dissolve faster
1) Mixin 2) Heatin 3) Crushin
6
Suspension - a mixture in which particles of a
material are dispersed thruout a liquid or gas,
but are large enough to settle out (these
particles are insoluable)
- snow globe, salad dressing
- can be separated by passing through a filter
7
Colloids - a mixture in which particles are
dispersed thruout but are not heavy enough
to settle out
- fog
8
Acids, Bases, and Salts
Acids - any compound that increases the number
of hydrogen ions (H) when dissolved in water
- sour taste and can alter the color of certain
compounds
9
Properties
- sour taste (dont taste stuff to find out)
- corrosive, so it may destroy body tissue and
clothing
- many are poisonous
- often give off gases when reacting with other
compounds
10
Detecting Acids
- an indicator which is a substance that changes
color in the presence of an acid or base
- litmus is an indicator that turns red with acids
Uses of Acids - used in the production of metals,
paper, print, detergents, fertilizer, etc.
11
Strong Acids
Sulfuric Acid is the most produced chemical
in the world
Hydrochloric Acid is found in our stomach
Weak Acids
Citric Acid Ascorbic Acid are in orange
juice
Carbonic Acid gives soda its fizz
12
Bases - any compound that increases the number of
hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water
Properties
- bitter taste (Dont . soap (yuk))
- feels slippery and is corrosive
Detecting Bases - also change the color of an
indicator
- turns red litmus to blue
13
Uses of Bases - Strong
Sodium Hydroxide - soap, paper, oven cleaners and
to unclog drains
Calcium Hydroxide - cement,plaster
Uses of Bases - Weak
Ammonia - household cleaners
Magnesium Hydroxide and Aluminum Hydroxide
- used for heartburn
14
Acids and Bases neutralize each other because
the H of acids combines with the OH- of
bases to form H2O
Neutralization - a reaction between an acid
and a base that produces a salt and water
15
The pH scale - a scale that shows the
measurement of the H (p. 247) concentration of
a solution (which of course then also tells
the OH-)
- a pH of 7 is neutral (pure water)
16
Indicators - (actually a mixture of
various ones) can be used to determine pH
(0-7 acid) (7-14
base)
pH and the Environment
- living things depend on having a fairly steady
pH in their environment
17
- plants have preferred growing conditions
pines like acidic (4-6), lettuce likes basic
(8-9)
- fish require a pH near 7 Why?
- what is acid rain
- some plants colors reflect their pH (rhubarb -
red, cornflowers - blue, p. 243)