????? t?t?? d?af??e?a?

About This Presentation

Title:

????? t?t?? d?af??e?a?

Description:

Title: Author: manos Last modified by: Dimitris Drosos Created Date: 6/29/2001 2:30:22 PM Document presentation format – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:15

Avg rating:3.0/5.0

Slides: 42

Provided by: mano147

Category:

Tags: bulk | cmos

more less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: ????? t?t?? d?af??e?a?

1
?a?ep?st?µ?? ???a??? ?µ?µa ???a?????
?????f???a??? ?a? ?p????????a??? S?st?µ?t?? ??sa
???? st?? ?p?st?µ? t?? ?p?????st?? ?a?
?p?????????? St???e?a ????te?t??????
?p?????st?? ?a? ??e?t??????? ?a?????
?a????e???
2
??µ? pa???s?as??

St???e?a a???te?t?????? ?p?????st??
?µ?a????? - MOS t?a???st??
CMOS ??f?a??? p??e?

3
? a???te?t????? e??? ap??? ?p?????st?
4
? epe?e??ast??

?, p?? ep?s?µa, ? ?e?t???? ????da ?pe?e??as?a?
(Central Processing Unit - CPU)
???a? ? ?a?d?? t?? ?p?????st???? s?st?µat??
??te?e? ta p?????µµata
??e? ?? ?e?t?????e? t?? ?p?????st? e??????ta? ?
d??µ???????ta? ap? t?? epe?e??ast?
? ???e epe?e??ast?? ??e? ??a p???a????sµ??? (ap?
t? s?ed?ast? t??) s????? e?t???? p?? µp??e? ?a
e?te??se? (G??ssa µ??a???). ?? p????aµµa e???
epe?e??ast? de? µp??e? ?a e?te?este? se ??a? ????
epe?e??ast?
?? ???sse? p????aµµat?sµ?? ?????? ep?p?d?? (p.?.
C) ???ß??? t? ???ssa µ??a??? ap? t??
p????aµµat?st?. ? µetat??p? t?? ??d??a ??????
ep?p?d?? se ??d??a ???ssa? µ??a??? ???eta? ?at?
t? µeta???tt?s? (compilation)

5
H es?te???? a???te?t????? e??? ap??? epe?e??ast?

?ata????t?? ??a e?t??es? p???e?? ?a? ??a t??
ap????e?s? s?µa?t???? p????f????? ??a t?
?e?t?????a t?? s?st?µat??
?.?., ?et??t?? ??????µµat?? (Program Counter)
?e????e? t? d?e????s? t?? ep?µe??? p??? e?t??es?
e?t????
????µ?t??? ?????? ????da (Arithmetic Logic Unit -
ALU) ?e????e? ?????µata ??a t?? e?t??es?
a???µ?t???? ?a? ??????? p???e??
????da ??????? (Control Unit) S??t????e? t?
?e?t?????a t?? epe?e??ast?

6
??af???? ap? p?? s????????? epe?e??ast??

?? s???????? epe?e??ast?? pe???aµß????? a??et?
???f? µ??µ? (cache memory)
Cache memory G?????? ?a? s?et??? µ???? µ??µ?
(p??? p?? ??????? a??? ?a? p??? µ????te?? ap? t?
RAM), st?? ?p??a ap????e???ta? ? p?? p??sfata
e?te?esµ???? ??d???? ?a? ta p?? p??sfata
???s?µ?p???µ??a ded?µ??a. ? ??d??a? ?a? ta
ded?µ??a a?t? e??a? p??? p??a?? ?a
?a?a???s?µ?p??????? s??t?µa ap? t?? epe?e??ast?
?p?s?? pe???aµß????? ??p??e? ep?p????
?e?t???????? µ???de?, ?p??
????da ????t?? ?p?d?ast???? (Floating Point Unit
- FPU)
????da d?a?e???s?? µ??µ?? (Memory Management Unit
- MMU)
?a??? ?a? ??a µe???? a???µ? ap? ?ata????t??

7
???µe?

???µ? ??????s?? ???? (Read Only Memory - ROM)
?a pe??e??µe?? µ?a? ROM d?at?????ta? ?a? ?ta?
d?a??pe? ? t??f?d?s?a st? chip t?? ROM
?e????e? ßas???? ???t??e? a?????p???s?? ?a?
?e?t?????a? t?? s?st?µat??
?a?a??te?a de? ?ta? d??at?? ?a epa?ap????aµµat?ste
? µ?a ROM. ?????, ?? s??????e? ROM ep?t??p???
??t? t?t??? (Electrically Erasable Programmable
ROM - EEPROM)
???µ? ???a?a? ???sp??as?? (Random Access Memory -
RAM)
?a pe??e??µe?? µ?a? RAM sß????ta? ?ta? d?a??pe? ?
t??f?d?s?a sta chip t?? RAM
???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a p??s????? ap????e?s? t??
efa?µ???? p?? e?te????ta? ?a??? ?a? t?? ded?µ????
t?? efa?µ???? a?t??

8
S?s?e??? ??s?d?? / ???d??

G?a ??s?d? / ???d? ded?µ???? p??? ?a? ap? t??
?p?????st?. G?a pa??de??µa
????? (???d??)
???f??e? s?s?e??? USB
????t??????? (??s?d??)
???t??? (??s?d??)
??t?p?t?? (???d??)
Sa??t?? (??s?d??)
??s??? (??s?d?? / ???d??)
????µ? ap????e?s? p????aµµ?t?? ?a? ded?µ????,
a??? µe µa???t??? t??p? (se a?t??es? µe t??
µ??µe?, st?? ?p??e? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ?????µata -
ap????e?s? µe ??e?t???? t??p?)
?d???? DVD, Blu Ray (??s?d?? / ???d??)
??e?a (???d??)
?????f??? (??s?d??)

9
?a? ?? e?e??t?? t? ??e?????ta?

?? e?e??t?? (controllers) e??a? chip, ta ?p??a
t?p??et???ta? µeta?? t?? epe?e??ast? ?a? t??
s?s?e??? ??s?d?? / ???d?? ?a? d?e????????? t?
µeta?? t??? ep????????a
?? ? epe?e??ast?? ???e? ?a ????e? ded?µ??a se µ?a
s?s?e??, ap?? ta st???e? st?? a?t?st???? e?e??t?
?a? t?? e?d?p??e? ?a ta ????e? st? s?s?e??
G?a d??ßasµa, ap?? e?d?p??e?ta? ? e?e??t?? ?a
d?aß?se? ap? s???e???µ??? s?s?e?? ?a? st?
s????e?a ta ded?µ??a µetaf????ta? ap? t?? e?e??t?
st?? epe?e??ast?
??? ?ept?µ??e?e? t?? ep????????a? µe t? s?s?e??
t?? ??????e? ? e?e??t?? ?a? ??? ? epe?e??ast??
?p?????? d?af??et???? e?e??t?? ??a d?af??et???
e?d? s?s?e??? (p.?., e?e??t?? ??????, ????,
s?????? d?s???, USB, ?.t.?.)
G??st?? e?e??t??
??e??t?? ?????? ???ta ??af????
??e??t?? ???? ???ta ????

10
?? e??a? ? d?a????

??a???? (? a?t???a ? d??d??µ?? - Bus sta a??????)
e??a? ??a s????? ap? ??aµµ?? (?a??d?a) p??? st??
?p??e? s??d???ta? ? epe?e??ast?? ?a? ?? d??f??e?
s?s?e??? ?ste ?a µp????? ?a ep????????s???
G?a ?a ?ataste? d??at? ? ep????????a t?? s?s?e???
e??a? apa?a?t?t? ?a t?????ta? µ?a se??? ap?
?a???e?. ?? ?a???e? a?t?? p?? d??p??? t??
ep????????a p??? ap? ??a s???e???µ??? d?a???
???µ????ta? p??t?????? ep????????a? t?? d?a????
St??? s????????? ?p?????st?? ?p??????
pe??ss?te??? t?? e??? d?a???? ??a t?? ep????????a
t?? epe?e??ast? µe t?? d??f??e? s?s?e???
? ßas??? d?af??? µeta?? t?? d?a???? a?t?? e??a? ?
ta??t?t? t???

11
? a???te?t????? e??? p?? s???????? ?p?????st?
d?as??d???? d?af??et????? d?a?????
12
??µ? pa???s?as??

St???e?a a???te?t?????? ?p?????st??
?µ?a????? - MOS t?a???st??
CMOS ??f?a??? p??e?

13
?? p???µa t?? at?µ?? t?? p???t???

?a t?a???st?? ?atas?e?????ta? se ?p?st??µa
p???t???
?? p???t?? (Si) a???e? st?? ?µ?da IV t?? ?? (??e?
t?sse?a ??e?t????a s??????)
St? ???sta????? t?? p???µa s??µat??e?
?µ???p??????? desµ??? µe t?sse?a ?e?t????? ?t?µa
p???t???

? ???sta???? ??e? ?a?????? ??ß??? d?µ?
14
?µ?a????? µe p??sµ??e??

?? p???t?? e??a? ?µ?a?????
?e? ??e? ?µ?? e?e??e???? f??e?? ?a? ? a????µ?t?t?
t?? e??a? µ????
??s? ???sµ??e??

t?p?? n ? d?te? d????? ??e?t????a
t?p?? p ? d??te? d????? ?p??
15
MOS t?a???st??

??sse??? a???d??te? gate, source, drain, body ?
bulk
? d?µ? p???-??e?d??-?p?st??µa ??µ??e? p????t?
???? a?t?? t?? d?µ?? ???µ??eta? MOS
(Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) t?a???st??, a? ?a? ?
p??? de? e??a? p?a ap? µ?ta??? (a??? ap?
p??????sta????? p???t??)
?? a???d??te? source ?a? drain e??a? ??e?t????
?s?d??aµ??
?? SiO2 (??e?d??) e??a? p??? ?a??? µ???t??

nMOS
pMOS
16
?p???ste?µ??? ?e?t?????a t?? nMOS t?a???st??

?? ?p?st??µa s?????? ?e???eta?
?? t?a???st?? ??e? ?ta? ? p??? te?e? se ?????
d??aµ???, ???? t?? pe?????? a?t?st??f?? (?a????)
p?? d?µ?????e?ta? ??t? ap? t? ??e?d?? t?? p????

17
?p???ste?µ??? ?e?t?????a t?? pMOS t?a???st??

?? ?p?st??µa t??eta? se ????? d??aµ??? (VDD)
?? t?a???st?? ??e? ?ta? ? p??? te?e? se ?aµ???
d??aµ???, ???? t?? pe?????? a?t?st??f?? (?a????)
p?? d?µ?????e?ta? ??t? ap? t? ??e?d?? t?? p????

18
?e?t?????a t?? MOS t?a???st?? sa? d?a??pte?

Se ????? ep?ped?, ta MOS t?a???st?? µp????? ?a
?d????? sa? ??e?t???? e?e???µe??? d?a??pte?
?? d??aµ??? t?? p???? t?? t?a???st?? e????e? t?
µ???p?t? µeta?? t?? a???de?t?? source ?a? drain
?? ?p?st??µa e??a? µ???µa s??dedeµ??? se sta?e??
t?µ? ?p?te pa?a?e?peta?

19
??a???st?? se se??? ?a? pa??????a

nMOS 1 ON
pMOS 0 ON
Se se??? ?a? ta d?? p??pe? ?a e??a? ??
?a??????a a??e? ??a ap? ta d?? ?a e??a? ??

20
??µ? pa???s?as??

St???e?a a???te?t?????? ?p?????st??
?µ?a????? - MOS t?a???st??
CMOS ??f?a??? p??e?

21
Complementary MOS (CMOS) ??t?st??f?a?
A Y
0
1
22
Complementary MOS (CMOS) ??t?st??f?a?
A Y
0
1 0
23
Complementary MOS (CMOS) ??t?st??f?a?
A Y
0 1
1 0
24
CMOS p??? NAND
A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
25
CMOS p??? NAND
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1
1 0
1 1
26
CMOS p??? NAND
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0
1 1
27
CMOS p??? NAND
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1
28
CMOS p??? NAND
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
29
CMOS p??? NOR
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
30
???? NAND 3 e?s?d??

? ???d?? s??d?eta? µe t? ?e??s? (?????? 0) ?ta?
???S ?? e?s?d?? e??a? 1
? ???d?? s??d?eta? µe t? VDD (?????? 1) ?ta? ???
???????S??? e?s?d?? e??a? 0

31
???? NAND 3 e?s?d??

? ???d?? s??d?eta? µe t? ?e??s? (?????? 0) ?ta?
???S ?? e?s?d?? e??a? 1
? ???d?? s??d?eta? µe t? VDD (?????? 1) ?ta? ???
???????S??? e?s?d?? e??a? 0

32
?? p??e? AND ?a? OR
33
G?at?

?a pMOS t?a???st?? pe????? ?s???? t?? t?µ? 1
a??? e?as?e??µ??a t?? t?µ? 0
?a nMOS t?a???st?? pe????? ?s???? t?? t?µ? 0
a??? e?as?e??µ??a t?? t?µ? 1
??a, se µ?a p??? ?a p??pe? ?a ???s?µ?p?????ta?
pMOS t?a???st?? ??a t? s??des? t?? VDD µe t??
???d? (t?µ? e??d?? ?s? µe t? ?????? 1)
nMOS t?a???st?? ??a t? s??des? t?? ?e??s?? µe t??
???d? (t?µ? e??d?? ?s? µe t? ?????? 0)

34
Complementary MOS (CMOS) ??????

Complementary MOS ??????? p??e?
nMOS pull-down ?????? ? d??t?? (network)
pMOS pull-up ?????? ? d??t?? (network)
?a nMOS ?a? pMOS d??t?a e??a?
S??????O?????? (De Morgan),
?, p?? s?st?, ?e?t??????? s?µp????µat???

35
?? ft????eta? p?? e????a µe CMOS ??????

?a pMOS t?a???st?? p?? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ??a ?a
?d??e?ta? ? ???d?? µ?a? CMOS p???? st? ?????? 1
????? (??) ?ta? t? gate t??? ?d????e? st? ??????
0
?a nMOS t?a???st?? p?? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ??a ?a
?d??e?ta? ? ???d?? µ?a? CMOS p???? st? ?????? 0
????? (??) ?ta? t? gate t??? ?d????e? st? ??????
1
??a ??e? ?? e?s?d?? µ?a? CMOS p???? p??pe? ?a
eµfa?????ta? a?test?aµµ??e? st? ?????? ??f?as?
t?? s????t?s?? p?? ???p??e?, ?ste t? ?????? 0
a?t?? ?a p???a?e? ?????? 1 st?? ???d? ?a? t?
a?t?st??f?
?a pa?ap??? ?atade??????? ?t? ? CMOS ??????
µp??e? e????a ?a ???s?µ?p????e? ??a t?? ???p???s?
s??a?t?se?? µe a?t?st??f? (NAND, NOR)
Se a?t??et? pe??pt?s? ?atas?e?????µe µ?a p??? ??a
t? s?µp????µat??? s????t?s? ?a? ???s?µ?p????µe
?a? ??a? ep?p???? a?t?st??f?a st?? ???d?

36
?e??d?????a ?atas?e??? p???? CMOS

H CMOS ?????? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a t?? ???p???s?
?a? p?? s???et?? s??a?t?se?? ap? t?? NAND, NOR
(?? a?t?st???e? p??e? ???µ????ta? s???ete? p??e?)
?p???t??ta? ?t? µ?a s????t?s? e??a? s???????
a?test?aµµ???, ta ß?µata ?atas?e??? t??
a?t?st????? CMOS p???? e??a? ta e???
?fa?µ??? t?? ?e???µat?? De Morgan, ?ste st??
??f?as? t?? s????t?s?? ?a eµfa???eta? ? ???e
µetaß??t? a?test?aµµ???
???p???s? t?? pMOS d??t??? t?? p???? ap? t??
??f?as? p?? p??????e
???p???s? t?? nMOS d??t??? sa? s?µp????µat??? t??
pMOS ? ???s?µ?p????ta? t?? ??f?as? t??
s?µp????µat?? t?? s????t?s??

37
?a??de??µa