12 Upper Gower Street, London

1
12 Upper Gower Street, London Charles and Emma
Darwin made this their home from their marriage
in January 1839 until September, 1842.
2
The 5 year voyage of the Beagle
3
Using this map
4
Please match the tortoises with the islands,
and summarize the connections you made.Please
discuss climate, natural selection and
speciation. Figure 1. Galapagos tortoises One
with a saddle back from Espanola or Pinta
Island and one with a dome back from Santa Cruz
Island. Note the difference in shell shape as it
allows or impedes extending the neck to higher
foliage.
5
Some of Darwins original notes

• http//darwin-online.org.uk/content/search-results
  ?freetexttortoise
• Take a look at Darwins notes while on board the
  Beagle

6
http//www.ucmp.berkeley.e
du/history/malthus.htmlOn October 1838, that
is, fifteen months after I had begun my
systematic inquiry, I happened to read for
amusement Malthus on Population, and being well
prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence
which everywhere goes on from long- continued
observation of the habits of animals and plants,
it at once struck me that under these
circumstances favourable variations would tend to
be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be
destroyed. The results of this would be the
formation of a new species. Here, then I had at
last got a theory by which to work".Charles
Darwin, from his autobiography. (1876)
7
Remember Natural Selection?

• What are the key components?
• How does this relate to the finches? The
  tortoises?
• What would islands have to do with it?

8
Charles Lyell Age of the earthhttp//en.wikipedia
.org/wiki/FileEarth_seafloor_crust_age_poster.gif
9
How do scientists determine a species?
http//www.ehow.com/facts_6023459_difference-betwe
en-mules-donkeys_.html

• How, do you think, did Darwin determine whether
  or not the organisms he saw on his journey were
  or were not different species?
• A mule is not a species a mule is the infertile
  offspring of a male donkey and a female horse.
  The donkey, on the other hand, is a particular
  species.

10
Tortoises are same species, but different
variations!

• The smaller, saddle backed tortoises are from
  Espanola and Pinta Islands and the larger domed
  tortoises are from Santa Cruz

11
Using your family pictures and maps and images of
Galapagos tortoises

• Do you notice a pattern connecting traits in your
  own or others families?
• What is the link between vegetation on the
  islands to physical traits of the tortoises? (can
  you describe it using a term?)
• Why was this link not likely, given the cultural
  info.?

12
http//evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_
0/history_14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
A visit to the Galapagos Islands in 1835 helped Darwin formulate his ideas on natural selection. He found several species of finch adapted to different environmental niches. The finches also differed in beak shape, food source, and how food was captured.

• visit to the Galapagos Islands in 1835 helped
  Darwin formulate his ideas on natural selection.
  He found several species of finch adapted to
  different environmental niches. The finches also
  differed in beak shape, food source, and how food
  was captured.

13
Some audio of the Beagle http//darwin-online.org.
uk/BookoftheWeek.html

• Darwin's Beagle Diary--audio recording       of
  excerpts from Darwin's popular account       of
  his voyage of exploration.  This link      
  takes you to an external website.  To      
  return here, you must click the "back"       
  button on your browser program.       (length
  68 mins, 19 secs)

http//darwin-online.org.uk/BookoftheWeek.html
14
Cladogram showing common descenthttp//en.wikipe
dia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree
15
http//www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6921/im
ages/nature01400-f1.2.jpg
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In the year 1758, Carol Linnaeus proposed four
subcategories of Homo sapiens Americanus
Asiaticus Africanus and Europeanus. (Systema
naturae)
17
Please discuss

• Darwin developed a hypothesis that species change
  over time. The journey to the Galapagos Islands
  and Darwins study of tortoises supported this
  hypothesis and he was able to apply this to
  humans (Homo sapiens) as well.
• From our studies, what theory did this hypothesis
  develop into?
• What terms/vocabulary are referred to here?

18
Like Darwin, Huxley studied natural history while
traveling on a naval ship. Initially, Huxley did
not accept evolution at all. But Darwin converted
him with the On the Origin of Species, and Huxley
mused afterwards, "How extremely stupid not to
have thought of that!" Although he was much
more than a defender of Darwin -- he led the
movement toward the professionalization of
science, for example -- Huxley is best known for
his public exchange in 1860 with Bishop Samuel
Wilberforce. The bishop, a clever, witty debater,
opened himself to attack by making a gentle joke
about Huxley's ancestry. Huxley, furious, replied
famously to the effect that he would rather be
descended from an ape than a bishop.
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Alfred Wallace and others What about science,
how it is discovered, thought about, presented?
20
To do

• http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/educators/lesson
  s/lesson3/act2.html
• Note this shows the many areas of science that
  support common descent and natural selection
• http//www.indiana.edu/ensiweb/lessons/chr.jpeg.h
  tml
• Note this site uses our knowledge of
  classification, karyotypes and shows the common
  ancestor (not descent of ) humans and(not from)
  primates
• http//www.simplescience.org/Lessons/Biology/AH/Le
  sson0.htm
• Note an activity showing homologous structures

http//www.indiana.edu/ensiweb/lessons/chr.jpeg.h
tml
http//www.indiana.edu/ensiweb/lessons/chr.jpeg.h
tml
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Role play/debate on Monday

• Darwin wishes to present his theory that humans
  are all of the same species, on a cladogram.
• Given the culture at the time and role cards, you
  will debate how Darwins theory impacts the
  culture.
• I will have hot chocolate and tea. Please BYOM!

22
Some Reflection Q

• How is the information about humans relating to
  chimpanzees discussed?
• How is the notion of slavery at the time
  supported?
• How do Darwins writings impact the action of
  slavery and ranking of humans?
• He has already published papers on his thoughts
  about the similarities between tortoises but the
  culture at the time (and Darwin) thought the
  earth was too young. What was the influence of
  geology on Darwins interpretation?
• What do the other scientists of the time think?
  How do they react to Darwins work? Who are his
  supporters and who are his detractors?