Social Movements:

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Social Movements

• A Means of Classifying Types of Social Movements
  in Terms of Organization

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• a.      Potential members must define the
  situation- see movement goals outside everyday
  life.
• They begin to label the situation as unordinary
  unusual, extra-ordinary.

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The Nature of Collective Behaviour

•  
• The question of form.ideal type.pure case.
•  Social Movements are organized, rational,
  purposive.
• Initial development resemble collective behaviour
  but SMs move beyond this through organization

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• b.     Second Social Movements require a
  suspension of the attitude of everyday life by
  relatively large numbers of people

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• c.    They must be  accompanied by action defined
  by participants and observers

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• d.     Finally, suspension of usual attitudes
  must be accompanied by heightened emotional
  arousal
•  
•  

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• Somehow social movement must move beyond the
  normal, normative day to day activities
• Member must become mobilized in search of goal.

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Social Movement Theory

• Contagion,
• convergence,
• emergent norm
• and rational calculus views have limited
  understanding

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Social Movement Theory

• What is required is a comprehensive approach that
  allows for more complex and variable forms to be
  considered under the study of collective
  behaviour.

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Social movement-

• SMs are conscious and purposive structure types
  of collective behaviour.
• They contrast with other collective behaviour
  forms such as crowds, crazeswhich represent only
  incipient stages of on-going social movements.

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• Few studies exist of social movements as complex
  organizations 

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Social movements are complex-

• They require leadership
• Information
• Hierarchy
• Commitment
• On-going progress

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ExampleOrange Movement

• Orange Lodge-Orange Lodge was charitable
  organization that helped in coming Protestants in
  Ontario, Instrumental in Providing Charity before
  the Welfare State, Important for Schools-ie
  Oliver Mowat.

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Social movements embody a structure of

• a.      roles
• b.     positions
• c.      norms
• d.     values
• e.      leadership
•  

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Key Variables

•  
•   Organization Goals-inward (expressive) or
  outward (instrumental)
• Conditions for membership-recruiting, screening,
  rewards

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Inclusive Organizations

• OUTWARD 
• -do not have rigorous screening
• -minimal levels of initial commitment
• -short indoctrination periods

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Exclusive Organization

•  Inward
• -rigorous controls
• -requires recruits to subject themselves to
• organizational discipline,
• orders,
• heavy initial commitment
•  

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Mixed Organizations

•  Purposes varied
• -reveals a sharing of diverse goals-
• difference often between leadership and
  membership
• The goals of the organization are unclear

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Incentives for Participation

•  
• 1.     Solidarity types-association, socializing,
  congeniality, sense of group membership,
  identification
• 2.     Purposive types-intangible but they derive
  from stated ends of the association rather than
  from the simple act of associating
• 3. Functional types
• -Goals, Environments, Internal Structure

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Conclusion

• Social Movements are associated with a vortex of
  social change
• Studies of the structure, function, and dynamics
  of such organizations can contribute to overall
  study of how society resists and implements
  change

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. Resource Mobilization and Social Movements

•  The most useful so far has been
• The resource mobilization approach emphasizes
  both societal support and constraint of social
  movement phenomena.
•  

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Resource Mobilization

• Emphasizes
•  
• links to other groups
• dependence on external support
• tactics used by authorities to control and
  incorporate social movements

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R.M. Conflict Theory

•  
• The approach emphasizes political economic rather
  than social psychology

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• Smelser, Turner and Killian, show that the
  ability or inability of societies to reduce
  grievances is key to understanding the foundation
  of Social Movement.

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Summary

• The discontent in the social order, problems with
  the existing social structure are all key in
  understanding whether or not a social movement
  can become organized.

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Early Mobilzation of Social

• A stage when issues and goals become formulated,
  collective action is shaped.
• Two key processes revolve around power,
  leadership and hierarchy 

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Initially

• Leadership roles must undergo elaboration
•  
• Intiation by Charismatic leader and other
  appointments
•  Weber SM require charismatic authority to gain
  momentum.

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Forms of Authority-

• According to Max Webers ideal types there have
  been three major forms authority include
• Charismatic,
• Traditional,
• Rational legal.

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Charismatic authority

• a.      Charismatic authority- is defined as
  power legitimated by..
• Extraordinary personal abilities that inspire
  devotion and obedience.
• Ie. Jesus Christ, Mohammed, Martin Luther

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Charisma the cult of personality

• Examples
• Jesus Christ, Ghandi, Martin Luther King, Trudeau
  in Canada
• Charismatic movements are very dependent on
  their leaders.
• Long term persistence of the movement requires
  the routinization of charisma.  
•  

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Ie. Christianity

• For example, Christ the charismatic leader dies.
  
• But Christs charisma was routinized in the
  traditions and bureaucratic structure of the
  Roman Catholic Church.
• Protestant Reformationrational legal authority

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Traditional Authority-

• Traditional Authority-power legitimated by
  respect for long-established cultural patterns.
• Traditional authority -ritual, repetitive
  behaviour, it is bond by numerous social norms as
  opposed to formalized rules and laws.

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Traditional authority declines

• Traditional authority declines as pre-industrial
  societies give way to industrialized social
  forms.
• Yet traditional authority can remain in rational
  legal systems
• I.e parental domination over children,
• male domination of women.

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Rational Legal Authority

1. Modern authority is legitimated through rational
   laws and regulations.
2. Modern authority is carried out through
   bureaucratic means.
3. Modern power imprisons man like an iron cage

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Social Movement Org. Differ

• Member oriented I.e religious community
• Action oriented
• Mainstream vs. subcultural values
• Membership compliance-pure ideologists,
  backsliders,
•  

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Achievement Based Upon

• Focus whether the collectivity pursues change in
  the existing order-social, political moral
• Direction - service to membership (AA)
•  
•  

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• Public opinion- whether the climate of public
  opinion is favourable or unfavourable
• Concentration-social or member issues vs. public
  opinion
• Clear External Target-seeking additional public
  support, greater resources, larger membership

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• Public Support for Cultish Groups ie.
  Moonies-deprogramming, programming,
•  

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Exclusion vs. Inclusion

• -Exclusive movement
• -member serving,
• influence peddling,
• strategies of secrecy,
• isolation, strict boundaries.
• Social control through isolation and
  socialization,
•  

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Inclusive

• Inclusive -People Serving Groups
• favourable environmental support-
• self improvement groups
• lifestyle change groups.
• Simpler strategies,
• more evolutionary in nature.