The Nervous System

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The Nervous System
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Nervous System

• We have now seen how muscle contraction/movement
  occurs and how the body creates energy to sustain
  movement. But what initiates the movement?
• The Nervous system is the bodys system which is
  responsible for gathering information, storing
  it, and responding to it. Its main objective is
  gather internal and external information, analyze
  that information and initiate certain responses
  to satisfy certain needs.

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Pass it on..

• 2 teams, everyone holds hands
• Last person of each team holds a stop watch
• When I say GO I will send out a signal to each
  team, it will travel around the circle and once
  it reaches the last person you must stop the stop
  watch
• Switch up the last person of each team

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Nervous System

• Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the
  brain and spinal cord ONLY
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of all
  nervous tissue outside of the CNS. Includes
  nerves that communicate with muscles.
• Spinal nerves- 31 pairs (innervate muscles of
  body)
• Cranial nerves- 12 pairs (innervate muscles of
  face)

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Cranium and Vertebral Column

• Cranium contains the brain
• Vertebral column contains the spinal cord

Therefore, the cranium and vertebral column house
the contents of the CNS.
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The Brain

• Cerebral cortex is the outermost layers of cells
  that contain the nucleus (of the neuronal cells)
  and hence appear dark (grey matter). Cortex (grey
  matter) and medulla (white matter) are terms used
  to denote the outer and inner or central part of
  an organ.

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The Brain has 6 parts

• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brain Stem
• Diencephalon
• Limbic System
• Reticular activating system
• See text for functions!

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Cerebrum

• Largest part of the brain
• Controls sensory and motor activities as well as
  intelligence
• Cerebrum can be divided down the middle into two
  halves called the cerebral hemispheres, which
  have nerve fibres that connect them to one
  another.
• Each hemisphere is divided into sections or
  Lobes named after the cranial bones that lie
  over that region.

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Cerebral hemispheres are divided into lobes
Frontal lobe higher order thought, and
initiation of movement Parietal lobe
somatosensation (pain, temperature, and touch
sensation from the body) Temporal lobe
processes auditory, olfactory (smell), and
gustatory (taste) information Occipital lobe
processes visual information Cerebellum refines
and coordinates movement
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CerebellumThe Second largest part of the brain!

• Lies behind and below the cerebrum
• Main function is to co-ordinate muscle movement
  and control balance

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The Brain Stem

• Located below the cerebrum and in front of the
  cerebellum
• Links the cerebrum with the spinal cord
• Responsible for autonomic functions, posture,
  muscle tone, and eye movement

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The Diencephalon

• Consists of the Thalamus and the Hypothalamus
• Located b/w the cerebrum and the brain stem
  (basically the middle of the brain)
• Thalamus relays sensory info
• Hypothalamus controls things such as body
  temperature, appetite, emotions and other
  autonomic functions

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Other components

• The Limbic system is a collection of nerve
  structures within the cerebral hemispheres
  (cerebrum)
• responsible for regulating emotions, and hunger
• The reticular activating system is located
  throughout the cerebral cortex.
• Responsible for sending sensory information to
  the appropriate centres for interpretation. Also
  it is crucial for maintaining consciousness.

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Spinal Cord
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Spinal Cord Dorsal View
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When Things go wrong!
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Innervate entire body
Innervate entire face
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Spinal Cord Injury

• SCI refers to traumatic injury of the spinal cord
  (motor vehicle accident, fractured vertebrae)
• Symptoms vary greatly depending on where the
  spinal cord is damaged
• 2 types of SCI
• Quadriplegia- loss of motor and sensory functions
  in all four limbs due to injury of cervical
  region of spinal cord.
• Paraplegia- loss of motor and sensory functions
  of lower extremities (thighs and legs) only, due
  to damage of spinal cord below the cervical level.

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Spinal Cord Injury
Injury above this level results in quadriplegia
Injury below this level results in paraplegia
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Rick Hanson Man in Motion

• Turn your books to page 98.