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RACE Understanding Human Variation
Adaptation
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RACE

• 1. CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION
• No biological basis, although there is often an
  assumed biological commonality such as shared
  genes or blood
• Race categories change over time and vary from
  place to place
• 2. GENETIC EVIDENCE
• Proves that there are more differences within
  so-called races than between them

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RACE (cont.)

• 3. PHENOTYPE (physical expression of genes)
• Many societies define race by phenotype, such
  as skin color, hair form, facial features, eye
  color
• Butthe lines of distinction are not clear
• The MEANING of the phenotypic features is
  culturally constructed

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Putting Cultural Ideas into Practice

• PREJUDICE
• Devaluing a group because of assumed behavior,
  values, capabilities, etc.
• DISCRIMINATION
• Policies and practices that harm a group and its
  members
• RACISM
• Discrimination against a group assumed to have
  biological commonality

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Skin Color Adaptation
No 2 people actually have true black, white, red,
or yellow skin-- commonly used terms that do not
reflect biological reality

• Skin color is due primarily to the presence of a
  pigment called melanin
• Individuals differ in the number and size of
  melanin particles. In lighter skin, color is
  also affected by red cells in blood flowing close
  to the skin.

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Skin Color Adaptation

• Melanin acts as a protective biological shield
  against ultraviolet radiation.
• Helps to prevent sunburn damage that could lead
  to melanoma --a cancer of the skin. Melanoma is
  a serious threat to life. In the US,
  approximately 44,200 people get this disease
  every year, about 7,300 people die from it.
• Those at highest risk are European Americans.
  They have a 10 times higher risk than African
  Americans.

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Genetic Variation

• Genetic variation within races is greater than
  genetic variation between races
• 90 of human genetic variation corresponds to
  traits within a given race, such as height,
  weight, and protein types
• 10 of human genetic variation accounts for the
  identifiable racial phenotypes

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Craniometry
Apollo

• The unilinear scale of human races lower
  relatives (Nott and Gliddon, 1968)
• The chimpanzee skull is falsely inflated, the
  Negro jaw is extended, to give the impression
  that blacks might even rank lower than the apes
  (Gould, 1977, in The Racial Economy of Science)

Creole Negro
Chimp
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Craniometry

• An unsubtle attempt to suggest strong
  affinity between blacks and gorillas. From Nott
  Gliddon, 1854. Their caption The palpable
  analogies and dissmilitudes between an inferior
  type of mankind and a superior type of monkey
  require no comment.
• (Gould, 1977, in The Racial Economy of Science)

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Racial Variation

• Race is NOT a scientific term
• Social construction
• Arbitrariness of classification
• How the races are classified varies from place to
  place, person to person
• More racial variation within "racial" groups than
  between them
• Abuse of the concept of race racism