Chapter 13: The Marine Habitat

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Chapter 13 The Marine Habitat
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Most organisms live in euphotic zone

• Sunlight
• Nutrients
• Marine algae
• Other organisms need algae
• Directly or indirectly

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Classification

• Three domains
• Archaea
• Bacteria
• Eukarya

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Classification

• Four Kingdoms
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

Fig. 13-1
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Taxonomy

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

Fig. 13-4
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Classification of marine life

• By life style
• Plankton floaters
• Phytoplankton
• Zooplankton
• Baterioplankton
• Plankton make up most of Earths biomass

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Phytoplankton
Fig. 13-2
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Zooplankton
Fig. 13-2
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Nekton active swimmers
Fig. 13-4
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Benthos bottom dwellers

• Epifauna
• Infauna
• Nektobenthos

Fig. 13-5
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Marine life

• Marine environment stable
• No need to adapt to many different conditions
• 98 benthic
• 2 pelagic

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Adaptations to ocean Viscosity

• Buoyancy
• Cooler water more viscous
• Warmer water less viscous
• Organisms with appendages
• Common warmer water
• Less common cooler water
• Small size resists sinking

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• Small size resists sinking for plankton
• Nekton streamlined

Fig. 13-10
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Temperature

• Stenothermal
• Open ocean, deeper
• Eurythermal
• Shallow coastal water
• Open ocean, surface

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Salinity

• Euryhaline
• Stenohaline

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• Marine hypotonic fish
• Drink water
• Secrete salt
• Concentrated urine

Fig. 13-14
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Diffusion

• Molecules move from higher concentration of
  substance to lower concentration

Fig. 13-12b
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Osmosis

• Water molecules move through semipermeable
  membrane from less concentrated to more
  concentrated

Fig. 13-13
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Dissolved gases

• Gas solubility depends on temperature
• Gills exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in water
• Marine animals die if not enough oxygen in
  seawater

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Water is very transparent

• Shallow water fish good vision
• Transparent bodies (jellyfish)
• Counter shading
• Disruptive coloration
• Cryptic Coloration
• Bioluminescent

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Pelagic (open ocean)

• Biozones
• Neritic
• Oceanic
• Epipelagic
• Mesopelagic
• Bathypelagic
• Abyssopelagic

Fig. 13-19
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Sunlight zones

• Euphotic
• Disphotic
• Asphotic

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Benthic biozones

• Subneritic
• Suboceanic
• Littoral
• Sublittoral
• Abyssal
• Hadal

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End of Chapter 13 The Marine Habitat