Reading in the Content Areas

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Inquiry
and

• Reading in the Content Areas

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Modeling the Inquiry Methods Buy a car? Senior
going to college? Sick relative? Travel in your
future?

• Encountering the Issue

• Task Analysis

• Investigating Information

• Reasoning with Information

• Acting on Decisions

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What strategies do we use to comprehend text?
Read Reflect
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Seven Comprehension Strategies
Making Connections
Asking Questions
Determining Importance
Visualizing
Drawing Inferences
Synthesizing
Repairing Comprehension
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What the research shows

• Activate prior knowledge
• Ask questions
• Vocabulary development
• Determine importance
• Visual and sensory images
• Draw inferences
• Synthesize

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Why is it important to read nonfiction text?
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It is estimated that
___ of direct instruction
is provided for reading nonfiction materials in
the primary grades
6
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___ of the time spent reading and
writing as adults is nonfiction.
90
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Comprehension Strategies

• MakingConnections

• Asking Questions

Drawing Inferences

• Determining Importance

Synthesizing
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• The questions that p________ face as they raise
  ch______ from in________ to adult life are not
  easy to an__________. Both fa______ and m_______
  can become concerned when health problems such as
  co___________ arise any time after the
  e___________ stage to later life. Experts
  recommend that young ch_________ should have
  plenty of s_______ and nutritious food for
  healthy growth. B______ and g______ should not
  share the same b________ or even sleep in the
  same r_____. They may be afraid of the d_____.

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• The questions that poultrymen face as they
  raise chickens from incubation to adult life are
  not easy to answer. Both farmers and merchants
  can become concerned when health problems such as
  coccidiosis arise any time after the egg stage to
  later life. Experts recommend that young chicks
  should have plenty of sunshine and nutritious
  food for healthy growth. Banties and geese
  should not share the same barnyard or even sleep
  in the same roost. They may be afraid of the
  dark.

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http//www.farmland.org/what/apple_movie.htm
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Open Word Sort
Anasazi ancestors archaic maize mesas plateaus ho
rticulture Mesa Verde wickiup hogan cultural
cohesion migrate aggregated pueblos
nomadic aggregation dispersed bunchgrasses
fescue ponderosa
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Semantic Features Chart
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Interactions between people and environment leads
to development of culture. State Goal 17, A.C.
Any civilization
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Essential QuestionWhat car should I get
thatmeets the needs of myfamily and ...
Essential QuestionHow do interactions between
people and the environment lead to the
development or decline of a civilization?
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Interactions between people and environment leads
to development of culture.
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Stages of Inquiry in the Classroom

• Encountering the Issue
• getting the big idea
• making connections

• Making Connections
• Text to text, text to self, text to
• world
• Open and closed word sorts

• Task Analysis
• defining the task
• asking questions

• Asking Questions
• Right there, think and search
• Author and you, in your head

• Investigating Information
• seeking, organizing, analyzing,
• applying to project

• Determining Importance
• Features, structures of text
• Note taking, graphic organizers
• Facts to main ideas, summaries

• Reasoning with Information
• evaluating, creating, judging,
• inferring, visualizing
• making decisions

• Inferring and Visualizing
• creating models
• using text clues and prior knowledge
• using implicit explicit information to reach
  conclusions (author and you)

• Acting on Decisions
• synthesizing
• communicating findings

• Synthesizing
• text to text, self and world
• applying to new settings and contexts
• in your head

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Inquiry...

• provides a purpose for readingan opportunity to
  read to learn
• provides the opportunity for application of
  explicit reading strategies
• gives students access to quality nonfiction texts
• increases student enthusiasm for reading
  nonfiction
• allows teachers to more easily differentiate
  instruction

• positions important content so that
• students make connections to self,
• world, and text

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Text-to-Self

• Connections that readers make between the text
  and their past experiences or background
  knowledge.
• Goudvis Harvey 2000

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tcrconnections.net user name ncdrooe password
ncdrooe
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Text-to-World

• Connections that readers make between the text
  and the bigger issues, events, or concerns of
  society and the world at large.
• Goudvis Harvey 2000

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Text-to-Text
Connections that readers make between the text
they are reading and another text. Goudvis
Harvey 2000
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Making Connections with Words
Vocabulary knowledge is the single most important
factor contributing to reading comprehension. J.
G. Laflamme, The effect of the Multiple Exposure
Vocabulary Method and the Target Reading Writing
Strategy on Test Scores. 1997
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Aspects of Content Area Vocabulary
Content vocabulary is rarely associated with
words that students already know.
p r e d a t o r
It consists of major concepts that undergrid a
lesson or a unit of study.
camouflage
adaptation
co2
o x y g e n
photosynthesis
nutrients
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Aspects of Content Area Vocabulary
Here is my shuttle with the astronaut crew that
Ill STASH with my cars. (The Bag Im Taking
to Grandmas House) What synonym can you give for
stash?
Here is the book I want to read, PROPPED on my
pillow What synonym can you give for propped?
demographics
migration
sustainable
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Aspects of Content Area Vocabulary Terms are
semantically related
Armbruster and Nagy, Vocabulary in content area
lessons. 1992
cirrus
cumulus
stratus
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Aesops Fable The Fox The Sick Lion
pounced
lair
semantically unrelated
morsel
grumbled
obviously
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Three properties of successful vocabulary
instruction

1. Integration (relating words to previous
   experiences)
2. Repetition
3. Meaningful use

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Open Word Sort
beliefs latitude carrying capacity
architecture soil arable consumption
demographics agglomeration
longitude land use population
die-off clothing government industries
language homes climate
education overshoot crash
collapse drawdown
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Closed Word Sort
beliefs latitude carrying capacity
architecture soil arable consumption
demographics agglomeration
longitude land use population die-off
clothing government industries language
homes climate education
overshoot crash collapse drawdown

• Categories
• Location and Place
• Human Interactions
• Sustainability
• no clue

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Closed Word Sort

latitude longitude soil arable
demographics climate land use population
architecture
clothing government industries agglomeration
language homes beliefs education
Location and Place
Human Interactions

• Categories
• Location and Place
• Human Interactions
• Sustainability
• no clue

consumption drawdown overshoot carrying
capacity crash die-off collapse

Sustainability
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Making Connections With Words
Connect Two
latitude longitude soil arable
demographics climate land use population
architecture
consumption drawdown overshoot carrying
capacity crash die-off collapse
clothing government industries agglomeration
language homes beliefs education
Climate and architecture are connected because
the climate helps to determine the type of
architecture that will evolve.
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Lessons of Easter Island Culture by Clive Ponting
equinox
deforestation
quarry
degradation
peasant
vegetation woods cut down
clans
labor
competition
collapse
obisdian
stone
statues
tons
transport
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Word Use in Text Page
deforestation
degradation
cut down
vegetation
woods
quarry
clans
competition
statues
transport
tons
obsidian
stone
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CONTEXT
Goals/Standards (S)
CONTENT
Engaging the Learner
Teaching and Learning Events Mini lessons
begin Please put a making connections activity
here

Final Team Performance
Individual Student Assessments
??? outcome is assessed (Number refers to
assessment)
?Emily Alford, 1998
Numbers after Teaching and Learning Events refer
to assessments
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Anticipation Guides
Making Connections
Team Text
It is important to save our natural resources
even if it means giving up conveniences.
It is important to preserve artifacts of ancient
societies.
Events that take place on a small isolated
island do not have a major effect on the rest
of the world.
It is important for people to have social and
religious customs if they are to flourish as a
society.
Lessons of Easter Island resources
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Making Connections by Reflecting
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Response Logs
Making Connections

• reflecting on content

• encourage the use of evidence
• and examples that build meaning
• and limit irrelevant responses

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Journaling Connections...

• I am really connecting with Niagara Falls again.
  It is a very beautiful place. In the future, I
  wish to go there again and take a lot of
  pictures. As my parents said, You would make a
  great photographer, Andrew. I really enjoy it
  for its looks (physical characteristics) and the
  beautiful things people have done with it (human
  characteristics) like tunnels and stunts. It
  fits all your vacation needs, great hotels and
  scenes. Once I see more landmarks I will visit
  Niagara Falls again.
• Earlier this week we made a list of things that
  were part of physical geography and human
  geography. The human list largely outnumbered
  the physical. This has made me realize how much
  we are changing the environment to suit our
  (humans) own needs. I have changed my
  environment in my living room to suit my own
  needs. I moved all the furniture, the treadmill,
  and the trampoline so I could dance and practice.
  My mom made me put it all back. I wish we could
  make humans put at least some of it back.

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More connections...

• I am Spanish, Mexican. In the last week I have
  learned many things about the Spanish. I have
  learned that they discovered many lands for
  Spain, although the Spanish and Mexican had war.
  They might not like each other, but I am still
  proud of being Mexican and Spanish. The
  prejudice doesnt make me ashamed of being who I
  am. I keep the Spanish Mexican Blood with the
  honor.
• In Social Studies this week I read an article
  about the Europeans and Native American trading.
  I read that a lot of Native Americans were killed
  by germs that Europeans brought. It reminded me
  of the virus going around in mosquitoes. My dad
  told me though, that a lot of people dont die
  from that. It makes them real sick, but if they
  get treated quick they wont die. I wonder if
  the Native Americans could have been helped by
  doctors. I think my dad is a Pathfinder because
  he always goes out of his way to make sure I know
  what is going on in the world.

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And one more...

• The famous place Im researching is the Alcazar
  Castle. My neighbor, whos from Spain, has
  visited the castle. Last night, we went over to
  his house and he gave me some pictures and
  information about the Alcazar Castle. A thing
  that I thought was very neat that he told me was
  that Walt Disney World copied the Alcazar
  castles top. I think that my neighbor is a
  Pathfinder because he told me things I didnt
  know about the Alcazar.

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Mini Lessons for Making Connections

• Engaging the Learner (jigsaw and letter)
• (T/S, T/W, T/T)
• Open Sort/Closed Sort
• Connect Two
• Word Splash
• Anticipation Guides
• Reflection Journals

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Guided Practice

• Write the letter
• Select jigsaw materials and organizer
• Choose book or article for modeling Text to Self,
  World, and Text connections
• Select vocabulary strategy and create student
  handouts
• Create anticipation guide

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Activities for Making Connections

• Engaging the Learner (activity and letter)
• jigsaw activities
• text to self, world, self
• Response Journals
• Open Sort/Closed Sort
• Connect Two
• Word Splash
• Anticipation Guides

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Comprehension Strategies

• Making Connections

Asking Questions
Drawing Inferences

• Determining Importance

Synthesizing
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• A sap-sucking insect may hold the key to a
  whole new class of antibacterial drugs, say
  scientists who have been looking at how these
  creatures combat infection.

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Readers ask questions to

• Find specific information
• Clarify confusion
• Construct meaning
• Discover new information

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Types of Questions

1. There are how many types of honey bees?
2. How many eggs does the queen lay?
3. What does the drone do?
4. Who feeds the larvae?
5. What do worker bees do for the colony?
6. What do bees do with pollen?
7. Where do bees live?

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Question/Answer Relationship (QAR)

• IN MY HEAD
• Author and You answer not in text must think
  about what is known, what text is saying and how
  it fits together (inferring)

• IN THE BOOK
• Right There answer in text,
  easy to find words used in question and used in
  answer are in same sentence

• Think and Search
• words and answers
• come from different
• parts of text (or
• books)

• On My Own
• using experiences (schema) to answer
  question

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Half of the QAR
In the Book (Gathering Information
In Your Head (Inference)
Right There
Queens Lay 1500 eggs each day.
Right There
Drones mate with the queen.
Think and Search

• Worker Bees
• Make wax
• Feed the larvae
• Collect pollen
• Store pollen
• Make honey
• Guard the hive

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The Other Half of the QAR
In the Book (Gathering Information
In Your Head (Inference)
Right There
Author and You (Inference) Which bee is the
busiest? Why is it necessary for the
queen to lay so many eggs?
Queens Lay 1500 eggs each day.
Right There
Drones mate with the queen bee.
Think and Search
On Your Own Do you know someone who works
as hard as the bee?

• Worker Bees
• Make wax
• Feed the larvae
• Collect pollen
• Store pollen
• Make honey
• Guard the hive

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• Illinois Coal
• How many people were employed by the Illinois
  coal industry in 1980?
• Why is there interest in building coal-fired
  plants in Illinois?
• What are problems that Illinois could face if
  large scale mining is reintroduced?
• If prices continue to rise what will you do to
  lower your cost for energy?

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The Other Half of the QAR
In the Book (Gathering Information
In Your Head (Inference)
Author and You (Inference) What problems would we
face if large scale mining were introduced?
Right There
Coal industry in Illinois employed 18000 people
in 1980
Think and Search

• Interest in Illinois Coal
• coal, nuclear provide most
• energy in Illinois
• provides new jobs
• keep present coal mines engaged
• higher natural gas prices
• ever increasing demand for energy
• State has coal reserve for 250 years

On Your Own If prices continue to rise what will
you do to lower your cost for energy?
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David woke up 15 minutes late. As soon as he saw
the clock, he jumped out of bed and headed for
the shower, afraid hed miss the bus again. He
looked in the dryer for his favorite jeans, but
they were actually still in the washing machine.
Dang! I told my sister to put my stuff in the
dryer! Now what am I going to wear today?
After settling for a pair of baggy shorts and a
Hilfiger rugby shirt, he grabbed a bag of chips
and a soda form the kitchen, and searched
frantically for his history book. When he found
it, he put it in his backpack, along with his
breakfast, his hat, and his lucky deck of cards.
As he ran to the bus stop, he told himself, I
will not stay up late watching wrestling anymore!
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QAR

• What did David do as soon as he saw the clock?
• How did David get ready to leave the house?
• Where was David headed that day?
• Should parents always wake their kids up in the
  morning?

R. Schoenbach, C. Greenleaf, et.al., Reading for
Understanding
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Write Team Questions

• Mayan Civilization Geography Landscape
  
• (http//www.indians.org/welker/maya.htm)
• Students write questions based on their reading
  of a text (Right There and Think and Search
  questions)
• A student reads one question to a group
• That student calls on a volunteer
• The volunteer answers and now reads one of
  his/her own questions
• Continue until everyone has asked and answered
  once

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• Charting questions
• After reading an article, each participant
  creates four questions one of each type on the
  QAR
• Write the questions on chart paper labeled Right
  There, Think and Search, Author and Me, On My Own
• Participants are given colored dots critique
  questions listed and use a dot if the question
  belongs to a different category

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Mini Lessons for Asking Questions

• Question and Answer Relationships Using Questions
  to Comprehend Text
• Write Team Questions
• Developing Four Types of Questions

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Guided Practice for Asking Questions

• Determine strategy for teaching Question and
  Answer Relationships
• Select an article and create questions to show
  students how to use questions to comprehend text
• Choose an article for students to use to create
  their own questions
• Create questions for website hotlists

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Comprehension Strategies

• Making Connections

• Asking Questions

Determining Importance
Drawing Inferences
Synthesizing
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Essential QuestionWhat car should I get
thatmeets the needs of myfamily and ...
Essential QuestionHow do interactions between
people and the environment lead to the
development or decline of a civilization?
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Getting Started What is important in this unit?
benchmark
benchmark
Your topic
benchmark
benchmark
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Interactions between people and environment leads
to development of culture.
http//www.nationalgeographic.com/education/ideas5
8/index.html
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The Features of Nonfiction Text

• Table of Contents
• Index
• Titles, Headings
• Font Size
• Font Style
• Tables, Graphs, Charts, Diagrams, Labels, Captions

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Nonfiction Text Structures

• Cause-Effect
• Problem-Solution
• Compare/Contrast
• Description
• Chronological Sequence
• Episodic
• Definition

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Nonfiction Text Structures

• Read the article An Emphasis on Hygiene by
  Darlene Palmer.
• Fill in the graphic organizer to determine the
  causes that lead to the rapid spread of diseases
  in New York in the 19th century.

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Nonfiction Text Structures
Improper ventilation
An Emphasis on Hygiene by Darlene Palmer
Overcrowding
Filthy living conditions
Importance of cleanliness not understood
Rapid spread of diseases such as cholera,
typhoid fever, whooping cough, measles
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Nonfiction Text Structures
Describe the destruction of agricultural lands.
Read Mesopotamia Collapse why do
civilizations fail?
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Visualize...
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Nonfiction Text Structures
Soil Erosion in the Great Plains
Hugh Bennett, Soil Scientist
Residue reached Washington D. C.
Dirt fell from the clouds.
Soil Conservation Act passed in 1935.
New farming methods contour plowing, terracing,
rotating crops
Demonstration fields were planted to see methods
in action..
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World Wide Economic Slump The Great Depression
Problem
detail factories closed because of overproduction
detail farmers had no market for their crops
detail 25 of Americans were unemployed
detail homeless people lived in Hooverville
People moved some relied on public assistance
new President elected
Solution
From Dreams to Dust America between the World
Wars by Beth Haverkamnp Powers
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Text Structures Compare/Contrast
Topic _________________
Economy
North
South
Alike
Different
labor
goods services
working conditions
resources
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Text Structures Description
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Text Structures Description
Sifting Through the Dust by Roberta Baxter
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Change Over Time Life Cycle of a Tree
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Change Over Time Life Cycle of a Tree
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Structured Note Taking Formats

• All of this information combined can help us
  understand...

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Structued Note Taking
Ancient Civilizations, Workers, Leaders of Civil
War, Serfs
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Water supply and quality
Water shortages will lead to conflicts

• Populations grew near rivers
• water is being pumped from aquifers to meet
  increased demand (enough to raise sea levels)
• populations are growing
• aquifers are slow to recharge (15,000 years)
• per capita consumption is 2xs population

• Water is scarce if more than 20 of flow
  diverted locally
• In 1995, more than 1/3 of world pop. of 5.7
  billion lived in such areas
• 70 of earths surface is water, 96.5 is salty
  2 is ice 1 available

• Pakistan and India fight over boundary waters
• Western States compete for water
• 22 countries dependent on water from other
  nations (Egypt, Pakistan, India)

• Conservation will be expected in areas that have
  adequate supplies
• Researching inexpensive ways to desalinate
  seawater should be supported
• Limiting population growth should be a priority

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http//www.nationalgeographic.com/education/ideas5
8/index.html
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Neighborhood Geography Walk
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Neighborhood Geography Walk
Examples of Human Characteristics demographics,
government, land use, architecture, population
density
Examples of Physical Characteristics soil,
water, climate, landforms, wildlife, etc.
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Political actions
economics
Human Environment Interaction
history
housing
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Illinois
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Get the Gist

• determining importance
• paraphrasing
• promoting understanding

101
Implementing GIST1) Ask the students to read a
short section of no more than three
paragraphs.2) Ask the class to remember
important ideas from the passage and list them on
the board. 3) Work with the class to condense
those ideas into 20 words.4) Ask students to
read a second short section. Create a 20-word
summary that incorporates information from both
the first and second sections.5) If you feel
ambitious, have the students repeat the strategy
with a third section. http//www.nwrel.org/assess
ment/lessonplans
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The 250 year period subsequent to A.D. 900 is
known as Pueblo II. The tendency toward
aggregation evidenced in Pueblo I sites reversed
itself in this period, as the people dispersed
themselves widely over the land in thousands of
small stone houses. During Pueblo II, good stone
masonry replaced the pole-and-adobe architecture
of Pueblo I, the surface rooms became year-round
habitations, and the pit houses (now completely
subterranean) probably assumed the largely
ceremonial role of the pueblo kiva. It was
during this period that small cliff granaries
became popular. The house style known as the
unit pueblo, which had its beginning during the
previous period, became the universal settlement
form during this period. In the unit pueblo the
main house is a block of rectangular living and
storage rooms located on the surface immediately
north or northwest of an underground kiva
immediately southeast of this is a trash and ash
dump hidden. ANASAZI culture
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Concept Definition Mapping
Graphic organizers help students understand the
essential attributes, qualities, and
characteristics of a words meaning.
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Graphic Organizers
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Semantic Features Chart
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Investigating Information
108
Finding Important Information
Important Words And Concepts (IWAC) A
B C D E F G H
I J K L M N O
P Q R S T U V
W X Y Z Reading Strategy
Determining Importance
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Category What is it?
Properties Describe it.
shelter
Compare/Contrast What is it like?
Navajo sandstone
Pueblo

apartment
cliff dwellings
Four Corners
Navajo National Monument
multi-level
New Mexico
Illustrations What are some examples?
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A pueblo is a shelter similar to an apartment.
These multi-level cliff dwellings are made of
Navajo sandstone. Pueblos can still be found in
New Mexico, the Four Corners region, and the
Navajo National Monument located in Black Mesa,
Arizona.
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Compare or contrast
Circle
Polygon
Pentagon
112
Concept Definition Mapping
A polygon is a closed mathematical shape. The
line segments that make up the sides of a polygon
are straight. It has two dimensions height and
width. Some examples of polygons are the five
sided pentagon, the four-sided rhombus, and te
six-sided hexagon.
113
Category What is it?
114
A desert is a specific climate on Earth. Unlike
a rainforest, a desert has less than 25 cm. of
rainfall. It also lacks cloud cover and has high
winds. The heat radiates into dry air at night.
Some examples of famous deserts are the Mojave in
California, the Gobi in Asia, and the Sahara in
Africa.
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What is it?
What are the parts?
Compare or contrast
select a topic
What are some examples?
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Activities for Determining Importance

• The Structures of Nonfiction Text
• Finding Important Information Rather Than One
  Main Idea
• Key Points vs. Supporting Details
• Taking Notes
• Graphic Organizers

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Comprehension Strategies

• Making Connections

• Asking Questions

• Determining Importance

Drawing Inferences
Synthesizing
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• Inferential thinking occurs when text clues
  merge with the readers prior knowledge and
  questions to point toward . . . a conclusion in
  the text.
• Goudvis Harvey, 2000

119
The Other Half of the QAR
In the Book (Gathering Information
In Your Head (Inference)
Right There Queens Lay 1500 eggs each day.
Author and You (Inference) Which bee is the
busiest? Why is it necessary for the queen to lay
so many eggs?
Right There Drones mate with the queen bee.

• Worker Bees
• Make wax
• Feed the larvae
• Collect pollen
• Store pollen
• Make honey
• Guard the hive

On Your Own Do you know someone who works as
hard as the bee?
120
Making Inferences
Facts
Inferences
Somewhere between AD 1250 and AD 1400 the
Anasazi moved out of San Juan county and
dispersed to larger pueblos scattered throughout
the drainages of the Colorado and Rio Grande
Rivers in Colorado and New Mexico. They left
behind many of their large personal belongings
such as cooking pots and baskets.

• Water is important to their culture
• because they always live near a river.

• They were peaceful because they were
• accepted by other Pueblo Indians .

• Because they left behind personal
• belongings, I can infer they left
• quickly.

121
Making Inferences
Facts
Inferences
The soil would filter through the house. Oily
rags were hung over windows and tucked under
doors. After the storms the women still had to
shovel piles of dirt from their floors. The soil
particles lodged in peoples lungs, making it
hard to breathe and causing dust pneumonia.
Children slept with wet cloths tied over their
noses and mouths. The dust even managed to
filter into the most tightly covered water
barrels and wells.
122
The Other Half of the QAR

• David
• Right There
• What did David do as soon as he saw the clock?
• What type of shirt did David put on?
• Think and Search
• What did David look for before he left the house?
• What steps did David take to get ready to leave
  the house?
• Author and Me
• Where was David headed that morning?
• What time of day was David getting ready to go?
• On My Own
• Should parents wake their children up for school?

123
Energy surpluses from other states normally make
up Californias shortfalls.

• The Northwest, which exports hydroelectric
  power, has experienced one of the driest winters
  on record.

No matter where you live, youre dependent on
neighboring states for electricity.
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conservation
126
Comprehension Strategies

• Making Connections

• Asking Questions

Determining Importance
Drawing Inferences
Synthesizing
127
Synthesis at the highest level goes beyond
merely taking stock of meaning as one reads. A
true synthesis is achieved when a new perspective
or thought is born out of the reading. Goudvis
Harvey, 2000
128
Holding Individuals Accountable
Information
Product Final Team Performance
First individual assessment
Teams work on product
Second individual assessment
Teams work on product
Third individual assessment
Teams work on product
Unit Ends
129
Note taking formats
John Smith and other English settlers established
Jamestown
Event
Year(s)
1607
Description
An expidition was financed to Chesapeake Bay
with more than 100 colonists. They found a spot
on the James River and named it Jamestown.
Jamestown colonists had many hardships. They
spent time searching for gold instead of finding
food.
Graphic
Jamestown
Colonists realized they need to grow crops for
food instead of just searching for gold.
Significance
130
Note taking formats
slavery
Event
Year(s)
1500
Description
Starting in the early 1500s Europeans started
trading Africans For slaves. The slaves were
traded like objects. Africans were transported
over the Atlantic to America.
People working in field
Graphic
It led to racism.
Significance
131
Supporting Students with Synthesis

• Class/Individual Response Logs
• Creating the Final Product

132
Final Product Organizer
1
1
2
1
3
4
6
5
133
The End