Chapter 13: Atmosphere

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Chapter 13 Atmosphere Climate Change

• Section 1
• Climate Climate Change

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Objectives

• Explain the difference between weather and
  climate.
• Identify four factors that determine climate.
• Explain why different parts of the Earth have
  different climates.
• Explain what causes the seasons

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Climate

• _______ is the _______ weather _______ in an area
  _____ a long period of time.

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Climate

• Climate is determined by a variety of factors
  that include ______, atmospheric circulation
  patterns, oceanic circulation patterns, the local
  geography of an area, _____ ______, and ______
  _______.

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Climate

• The most important of these factors is ______
  ____ the ______.

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Latitude

• _______ is the distance ____ or _____ from the
  _______ and is expressed in degrees.

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Latitude

• The equator is located at _ latitude.
• The most northerly latitude is the North Pole, at
  __ north, whereas the most southerly latitude is
  the South Pole, at 90 _____.

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Latitude

• Latitude ______ ______ climate because the _____
  of _____ _____ an area of the Earth receives
  depends on its latitude.

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Low Latitudes

• _____ solar energy falls on areas ____ the
  equator than on areas closer to the poles.
• The incoming solar energy is concentrated on a
  small surface at the equator.

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Low Latitudes

• In ____ ____ the _______, night and day are ____
  about __ _____ long throughout the year.

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Low Latitudes

• In addition, ________ are ____ year-round, and
  there are __ _______ or ______.

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High Latitudes

• In regions _____ to the _____, the sun is _______
  in the sky, _______ the ______ of ______ arriving
  at the surface.
• In the northern and southern latitudes, sunlight
  hits the Earth at an _____ _____ and spreads over
  a ______ surface area than it does at the
  equator.

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High Latitudes

• ______ _______ ________ near the poles are
  therefore ______ than they are at the equator.

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High Latitudes

• At 45 north and south latitude, there is as much
  as __ ____ of ________ each day during the ______
  and as little as _ ____ of _______ each day in
  the ______.

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High Latitudes

• Near the poles, the sun sets for only a few hours
  each day during the summer and rises for only a
  few hours each day during the winter.
• Thus, the yearly temperature range near the poles
  is very large.

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Low and High Latitudes
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Atmospheric Circulation

• Cold air _____ because it is _____ than warm air.
  As the air sinks, it ______ and _______.
• Warm air _____. It expands and cools as it rises.
• Warm air can hold _____ water vapor than cold air
  can. Therefore, when warm air cools, the water
  vapor it contains may condense into liquid water
  to form rain, snow, or fog.

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Atmospheric Circulation

• _____ energy heats the ground, which warms the
  air above it. This warm air rises, and cooler air
  moves in to replace it. This _______ of air
  within the atmosphere is called _____.

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Atmospheric Circulation
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Atmospheric Circulation

• Because the Earth ______, and because different
  latitudes receive different amounts of solar
  energy, a ______ of global atmospheric
  circulation results.
• This circulation pattern _______ Earths
  __________ patterns.

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Global Circulation Patterns

• Cool air normally sinks, but cool air over the
  equator ______ ______ because hot air is rising
  up below it. This cool air is ______ _____ from
  the equator toward the North and South Poles
  where it __________ at about 30º north latitude
  and 30º south latitude.

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Global Circulation Patterns

• Some of the air _____ back to the Earths surface
  and becomes warmer as it descends. This warm, dry
  air then moves across the _______ and causes
  water to _________ from the land below, _____ ___
  _______.

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Global Circulation Patterns

• At about __º north and __º south latitudes, this
  air ______ with cold air traveling from the
  poles.

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Prevailing Winds

• Winds that blow ________ in one direction
  throughout the year are called _________ _____.

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Prevailing Winds

• Because of the rotation of the Earth, these winds
  __ ___ blow directly northward or southward.
• Instead, they are _______ to the ____ in the
  _______ Hemisphere and to the ___ in the ________
  Hemisphere.

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Prevailing Winds

• Belts of prevailing winds are produced in both
  hemispheres between 30º north and south latitude
  and the equator.
• These belts of winds are called the _____ _____.
• The trade winds blow from the _______ in the
  Northern Hemisphere and from the __________ in
  the Southern Hemisphere.

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Prevailing Winds

• Prevailing winds known as the _______ are
  produced between 30º and 60º north latitude and
  30º and 60º south latitude.
• In the Northern Hemisphere, these are southwest
  winds, and in the Southern Hemisphere, these
  winds are northwest winds.
• The _____ _______ blow from the poles to 60º
  north and south latitude.

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Oceanic Circulation

• Ocean currents have a great effect on climate
  because water holds ____ _____ of ____.

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Oceanic Circulation

• The _______ of ______ ocean _______ is caused
  mostly by ______ and the rotation of the Earth.
• These surface currents _________ warm and cool
  masses of water around the world and in doing so,
  they affect the climate in many parts of the
  world.

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El NiñoSouthern Oscillation

• ___ _____ is the warm phase of the El
  NiñoSouthern Oscillation.
• It is the _____ occurrence in the _____ ______
  Ocean in which the surface-water temperature
  becomes _______ ____.

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El NiñoSouthern Oscillation

• During El Niño, winds in the western Pacific
  Ocean (which are usually weak) strengthen and
  push warm water eastward.

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El NiñoSouthern Oscillation

• ______ follows this warm water eastward and
  produces _______ _______ in the _________ half on
  the ____, but _____ in ________ and ________.

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El NiñoSouthern Oscillation

• ___ _____ is the _____ phase of the El
  NiñoSouthern oscillation. It is the periodic
  occurrence in the eastern Pacific Ocean in which
  the surface water temperature becomes unusually
  ____.

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Pacific Decadal Oscillation

• The ______ _______ _______ ___ is a ____-_____,
  20 to 30 year _____ in the ________ of warm and
  cold water masses in the Pacific Ocean.
• PDO _______ the climate in the northern Pacific
  Ocean and North America.
• It affects ocean surface temperatures, air
  temperatures, and precipitation patterns.

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Topography

• Height above sea level (______) has an important
  effect on climate. Temperatures fall by about
  __C (about 11F) for every 1,000 m increase in
  elevation.
• Mountain ranges also influence the distribution
  of precipitation. This effect is known as a ____
  _____.

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Other Influences on Earths Climate

• Both the ___ and ______ ______ influence Earths
  climate.
• At a solar _______, the sun emits an increased
  amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV
  radiation produces more _____, which ______ the
  stratosphere.

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Other Influences on Earths Climate

• In large-scale volcanic eruptions, ______ _______
  gas can reach the upper atmosphere, where it can
  remain for up to __ years.
• The sulfur dioxide, reacts with smaller amounts
  of water vapor and dust in the ___________,
  forming a bright layer of haze.

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Other Influences on Earths Climate

• This layer of haze ______ enough sunlight to
  cause the global temperature to _______.

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Seasonal Changes in Climate

• The _______ result from the ____ of the Earths
  ___, which is about 23.5 relative to the plane
  of its orbit.

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Seasonal Changes in Climate

• Because of this tilt the angle at which the suns
  rays strike the Earth changes as the Earth moves
  around the sun.

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Seasonal Changes in Climate

• During _____ in the Northern Hemisphere, the
  Earth tilts _____ the sun and receives direct
  sunlight. Therefore, the amount of time available
  for the sun to heat the Earth becomes greater.
• During summer in the Northern Hemisphere, the
  _______ Hemisphere tilts ____ from the sun and
  receives less direct sunlight.

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Seasonal Changes in Climate

• During the summer in the Southern Hemisphere, the
  situation is reversed.
• Example Christmas in Australia and Panama a
  sunny day at the beach.

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End of section 1Review qs 1,2,6,7,10,11,19,2
0,26 and 27