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1
The secession of the Southern states quickly lead
to armed conflict between the North and the South.
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2
War Erupts
First Shots at Fort Sumter
Confederate battery at Fort Moultrie firing on
Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor on April 1213,
1861. Lithograph, Currier Ives.
Southern states take over most federal forts
within their borders
Federal troops hold Fort Sumter, harbor of
Charleston, South Carolina
Abraham Lincoln decides to send supply ships to
Fort Sumter
Confederates attack fort before supplies
arrive, start Civil War
U.S. troops defend fort for 34 hours, then
surrender
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3
Lincoln Calls Out the Militia
President Lincoln asks states for militiamen to
put down uprising
In the upper South, state leaders refuse
request
Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas
join Confederacy
Volunteers rush to enlist in both North and
South
Confederate capital is moved to Richmond,
Virginia (May, 1861)
Robert E. Lee becomes commanding general of
Northern Virginia
Portrait of Robert E. Lee.
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4
Choosing Sides
Border statesslave states that border states
in which slavery illegal
Include Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri
Maryland stays in Union, keeps Washington D.C.
within the Union
Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware stay in Union
Western counties, Virginia break away, form
Union state, West Virginia
24 states make up the Union, 11 states join the
Confederacy
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5
Strengths and Weaknesses
North has 22 million people, South has 9
million people
85 percent of nations factories located in the
North
Map
North has more railroad mileage, all the naval
power, shipyards
Union has great leader, President Abraham
Lincoln
Continued . . .
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6
Continued Strengths and Weaknesses
Confederacy has able generals
Union supply lines will have to stretch far to
invade the South
Confederates defending homes, have more will to
fight than invaders
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7
The Confederate Strategy
Confederacy takes defensive position, does not
want to conquer North
Uses King Cotton to win foreign support,
withholds cotton exports
Hopes to force Britain, France to aid the
Confederates
Europeans have cotton surplus, dont want to
get involved
South becomes offensive, tries for big
victories to demoralize North
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8
The Union Strategy
North develops offensive strategy
General Winfield Scotts Anaconda Plansmother
the Souths economy
Use naval blockade of Souths coastline
Blockade armed forces stop goods, people into
or out of an area
Gain control of the Mississippi River, split
Confederacy in two
Scotts plan takes time, Lincoln decides to
invade Virginia (1861)
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9
Battle of Bull Run
Confederates defeat Union troops at First
Battle of Bull Run (1861)
Victory thrills South, North has underestimated
their opponent
Lincoln sends militia home, calls for real army
of 500,000 volunteers
Battle of Bull Run VA, July 21st, 1861. Engraving
(1861), Currier Ives.
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10
Both Union and Confederate soldiers endure many
hardships serving in the army during the Civil
War.
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11
Life in the Army
Those Who Fought
Most Civil War soldiers are between 18 and 30
years of age
Most soldiers are farmers, majority are born in
U.S.
Some immigrants serve, most are from Germany,
Ireland
African Americans want to fight, not accepted
in North, South armies
Later, North accepts African Americans into its
ranks
Confederate volunteers posing for a Richmond
photographer before the Battle of First Bull Run
in 1861.
Continued . . .
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12
Continued Those Who Fought
Most Civil War soldiers are volunteers, they
volunteer to - escape boredom of factory, farm
work - join friends, neighbors - seek
adventure, glory - get recruitment money -
show loyalty to country, state
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Turning Civilians into Soldiers
After enlisting, a soldier is sent to training
camp, usually lives in tent
Follows training schedule, gets uniform,
clothing often poor quality
At camp, soldiers get plenty of food in the
field, get limited food
The 36th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment drilling
at their winter quarters near Langley, Virginia
(c. 1861).
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14
Hardships of Army Life
Civil War soldiers in field, often wet, cold,
live in crude shelters
Camps are unsanitary, soldiers often go for
weeks without bathing
Results in poor hygieneconditions, practices
that promote health
Image
Causes widespread sicknesses
A sick soldier sitting near shelters during the
Civil War around 1863.
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15
Changes in Military Technology
Weapons improve, results in - higher casualty
rate - battle tactics change
Use riflesguns with grooved barrel, cause
bullets to spin
Minié ballbullet with hollow base
Rifles using minié balls shoot farther, more
accurately than muskets
Continued . . .
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16
Continued Changes in Military Technology
Ironcladswarships covered with iron, better
than wooden warships
First ironclad battle off coast of Virginia
(1862) includes - Confederate Virginia
(Merrimack) - Union Monitor
After about four hours, battle ends in a draw
Naval duel between the Union Monitor and the
Confederate Merrimack (or Virginia) on March 9,
1862.
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17
Section 3
No End in Sight
In the first two years of the war, neither side
gains a decisive victory over the other.
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18
No End in Sight
Union Victories in the West
Ulysses S. Grant, Union general in the West
Grants forces capture two Confederate river
forts in Tennessee
Residents of Nashville flee, Union troops march
into Nashville (1862)
Portrait of Ulysses S. Grant.
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19
The Battle of Shiloh
Union army fights Confederate army at Battle of
Shiloh (1862)
Interactive
Union troops are lead by Ulysses S. Grant
Confederate commanding general Albert S.
Johnston is killed
Fresh Union troops arrive, South retreats
13,000 Union soldiers are killed, 11,000
Confederates are killed
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20
The Fall of New Orleans
Admiral David Farragut, Union fleet capture New
Orleans
Union controls most of the Mississippi River
Confederates control stretch of river near
their fort at Vicksburg
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21
Lee Claims Victories in the East
General George McClellan, Union troops attempt
to capture Richmond
Confederate Jeb Stuart, cavalry (soldiers on
horseback) spy McClellan
Report size of Union army, Robert E. Lees army
attacks Union army
Both sides clash for a week
Confederates defeat Union army at Seven Days
Battles (1862)
Lee ends the Union threat in Virginia
J. E. B. Stuart leading a raid around General
George McClellans army (June 1862).
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22
Lee Invades the North
General Lee, troops invade Maryland (September
1862)
Several reasons for taking war to the North
- hopes victory in North will force President
Lincoln to talk peace - gives Virginia farmers
a rest from war during harvest - Confederates
could plunder Northern farmers for
food - hopes invasion will convince Britain,
France to aid Confederacy
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23
Bloody Antietam
General McClellans army fights Lees army,
Battle of Antietam (1862)
After 1 day, neither side gains ground, 25,000
men are killed, wounded
Lees crippled army retreats into Virginia,
McClellan fails to pursue
President Lincoln fires McClellan
Battle of Antietam in Maryland on September 17,
1862. Depiction (1888), Kurz Allison.
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