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Acid Rain

• Neutral water has a pH of 7
• Pure pristine rain has a pH of 5.6
• This is due to dissolved CO2 in the rainwater
• Rain which has a pH lt 5.6 is acid rain

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How is acid rain formed?
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How is acid rain formed?

• Combustion of fossil fuels in power plants
• Automotive engine emissions
• Non-combustion sources such as metal ore smelting
  plants, and industrial chemical processing plants
• Lightening
• Volcanic eruptions
• Sea salt spray

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What are the primary sources of acid rain?
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Buffers and Acid Rain
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Acid Rains Effects

• Acid rain leaches K, Ca2, and Mg2 ions
  (essential nutrients) from soil
• Acid rain mobilizes Al3 and other toxic metals

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Concentration Units

• (Parts per hundred)
• ppm (parts per million) 1 in 1,000,000 or 1 in
  106
• ppb (parts per billion) 1 in 1,000,000,000 or 1
  in 109

• How many grams of NaCl are in 25mL of a 0.1 NaCl
  (w/v) NaCl solution? Assume the density of the
  solution is 1g/mL.

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• I want to make 500mL of a 350 ppm NaOH, how may
  grams of NaOH do I need? Assume the density is
  1g/mL.

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Concentration Units Example

• The maximum allowed concentration of ozone in the
  troposphere (lower part of the atmosphere) before
  it starts to be unhealthy is 0.08ppm. If 100
  liters of air were analyzed and found to contain
  0.13g of ozone, is the air over the safe limit?
  The density of air is 0.00125g/mL.

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The maximum allowed concentration of ozone in the
troposphere (lower part of the atmosphere) before
it starts to be unhealthy is 0.08ppm. If 100
liters of air were analyzed and found to contain
0.13g of ozone, is the air over the safe limit?
The density of air is 0.00125g/mL.
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Concentration Unit Example

• The maximum allowed concentration of Pb in
  drinking water is 7.24 x 10-8M. In Door County,
  WI, 5 liters of water was analyzed for Pb and
  found to contain 325mg. Is Door County in
  compliance?