A Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

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A Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

• Chapter 5
• Processors and Chipsets (v0.9)

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Processors

• Processor and chipset are located on motherboard
• Components determine computing power and features
  of computer system
• Also known as the CPU or microprocessor
• Major manufacturers Intel, AMD, and VIA

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Basic CPU Functions

• performs calculations
• executes instructions
• processes data from software and I/O ports

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CPU Language

• Recognizes a set of instructions
• Intel x86 standard
• Extensions (MMX, SSE, 3DNow)
• Decodes and executes the instructions it receives
  from the OS or applications software

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CPU Instructions

• Executes instructions
• binary (machine) code
• assembly language
• High level language
• C, BASIC, FORTRAN
• software compiler converts program to machine code

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Front Side Back Side Bus

• External (front-side) bus
• Internal (back-side) bus

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Data Path and Word Size

• Data path
• Transports data into processor
• Word path
• Number of bits processed in one operation

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Parts of a CPU (8088)

• Execution Unit (EU)
• Executes instructions
• Performs calculations
• Bus Interface Unit (BIU)
• Interface to the motherboard

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Functions (EU)

• General Registers
• store data and status flags
• ALU
• math and logic calculations

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Functions (BIU)

• Bus Control Logic
• interface to the buses on the motherboard
• Instruction Queue
• lines up the instructions for decoding and
  processing
• Address Control
• Generates memory address to write to or fetch
  data from

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CPU Registers
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CPU Buses
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Buses - General

• Provide a path for a CPU to work with other parts
  of the computer system

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Types of Buses

• Data Bus
• Address Bus
• Control Bus

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Data Bus

• Provides a path for the CPU to exchange data with
  peripherals
• Bus width varies
• 8 bits to 64 bits wide

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Address Bus

• enables CPU to access any particular location in
  main RAM
• amount of RAM than can be addressed depends on
  the width of the address bus
• 8088 (20 address lines, 1024K of RAM)
• Pentium III (36 address lines, 64G of RAM)

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Control Bus

• defines a collection functions that the CPU
  provides or requires to interact with other
  motherboard components
• voltage
• IRQ control
• DMA control
• reset
• status enable

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CPU Speed

• measured in megahertz (gigahertz)
• million (billion) cycles per second

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Clock Speed Performance

• In general the higher the CPU speed, the faster
  data is processed
• similar CPU designs
• Performance is dependent upon
• how efficiently a CPU processes data
• how efficiently software takes advantage of the
  CPUs features

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Processor System Speeds

• System bus frequency or speed
• Faster than other buses e.g., 1066 MHz, 800 MHz
• Processor frequency or speed
• Refers to speed of internal operations e.g., 3.2
  GHz
• System bus frequency x multiplier processor
  frequency
• Overclocking running processor at excessive
  speed
• Throttling decreasing speed when overheating
  occurs

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CPU Improvements

• Increased clock speed
• Ability to address more memory
• Wider internal and external data bus widths
• Multiple ALUs
• More efficient instructions
• Cache memory
• Dual (Multiple) Core

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Instruction Handling Times

• 8086/8088 - 12 cycles per instruction
• 286/386 - 4.5 cycles per instruction
• 486 - 2 cycles per instruction
• Pentium/K6 - 1 to 2 cycles per instruction
• P6/K7 - up to 3 instructions/cycle

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Figure 5-2 Since the Pentium processor was first
released in 1993, the standard has been for a
processor to have two arithmetic logic units so
that it can process two instructions at once
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Cache Memory

• Improves performance
• Compensates for slow RAM access
• Uses high speed SRAM memory for blocks of data
  that are often and/or repeatedly used

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Figure 5-4 Cache memory (SRAM) is used to
temporarily hold data in expectation of what the
processor will request next
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Hyperthreading (Intel)

• Based on fact that a multitasking OS breaks up
  tasks into threads
• Windows 2000 and XP
• Windows XP is optimized for HT
• Enables the CPU to easily process threads in
  parallel
• Reduces time required to process a task

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The Intel Processors

• Older Pentiums no longer sold by Intel
• Classic Pentium, Pentium MMX, Pro, II, and III
• Celeron
• Uses a 478-pin socket or a 775-land socket
• Uses Level 2 cache within processor housing
• Pentium 4
• Runs at up to 3.8 GHz
• Later versions use Hyper-Threading (HT)
  Technology

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The Intel Processors

• Pentium 4
• DuoCore Processors
• Quad Core
• Celeron and Xeon are offshoots from Pentium
  family

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Figure 5-8 The Pentiums are sometimes sold boxed
with a cooler assembly
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The Intel Processors (continued)

• Some mobile Pentium processors
• Pentium M, Mobile Pentium 4, and Celeron M
• Xeon processors
• Use HT Technology and dual-core processing
• Designed for servers and high-end workstations
• The Itaniums
• External data path is 128 bits
• L1 cache on processor die, L2 and L3 cache on
  board

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AMD Processors

• Manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices, Inc
• Geared to 64-bit desktop and mobile processors
• Current AMD processors
• For desktops Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core, Athlon 64
  FX
• For servers Athlon MP, Opteron
• For notebooks Turion 64 Mobile, Mobile Athlon 64
• Budget PCs Semprons

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VIA and Cyrix Processors

• Use same sockets as earlier Pentium processors
• Target personal electronics and embedded devices

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Processor Packages

• Processor package provides processor housing
• Flat and thin processor packages
• Lay flat in a socket or motherboard
• Connectors can be pins or lands (newer)
• Intel example PPGA (Plastic Pin Grid Array)
• AMD example CPGA (Ceramic Pin Grid Array)

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Figure 5-12 This Intel Celeron processor is
housed in the PPGA form factor, which has pins on
the underside that insert into Socket 370
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PGA Packaging
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Socket 478
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Socket 775
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Socket 939/940
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The Chipset

• Set of chips on the motherboard
• Controls memory cache, external buses,
  peripherals, RAM, I/O
• Intel dominates the market for chipsets
• Other maker of motherboard chipsets
• Via, SiS

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Figure 5-18 Using Intel 800 series Accelerated
Hub Architecture, a hub interface is used to
connect slower I/O buses to the system bus
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Heat Sinks and Cooling Fans

• Cooling assembly must keep temperatures lt185 F
• Target temperature range 90 - 100 F
• One or more fans are needed to meet cooling needs
• Cooling fan sits on top of processor with wire or
  clip
• Heat sink clip-on device pulling heat from
  processor
• Cooler combination of heat sink and cooling fan

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Voltage to the Processor

• Earlier processors drew power from system bus
  lines
• Newer motherboards may have a power connector

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Figure 5-23 Auxiliary 4-pin power cord from the
power supply connects to the ATX12V connector on
the motherboard to provide power to the Pentium 4
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CPU Voltage Regulator

• Voltages could be set on some older motherboards
• Enabled motherboard to support various CPUs
• Ways to configure voltage on older motherboards
• Set jumpers to configure voltage to processor
• Use a voltage regulator module (VRM)
• A VRM can be embedded or installed with upgrade

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Figure 5-42 The CPU and motherboard temperature
is monitored by CMOS setup
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Installing a CPU
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1. Release the CPU socket lever
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2. Lift the socket cover
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3. Place CPU in the socket
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4. Push lever into position
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5. Secure Heat Sink on the CPU
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6. Connect fan to MB connector
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Summary

• Basic CPU components I/O unit, control unit,
  ALUs
• Registers high speed memory used by ALU in
  current processing
• Internal cache holds frequently used
  instructions
• Types of buses in CPU internal and external
  (system)
• Standard Intel Pentium features two ALUs, 64-bit
  external path size and two 32-bit internal paths

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Summary (continued)

• Processors are housed inside a processor package
• Processors fit into slots or sockets in the
  motherboard
• The chipset controls memory cache, external buses
  and some peripherals
• A cooler comprises a cooling fan and a heat sink
• A voltage regulator module (VRM) controls the
  amount of voltage to a processor