International Air Quality Standards

1
International Air Quality Standards Laura
Knudsen, International Studies, Environmental
Studies, Quantitative Science Professor Peter
Guttorp, Statistics, University of Washington
EUROPEAN UNION FOCUS
US FOCUS
STANDARDS
European Union US UK CHINA (?g/m3) SWEDEN MEXICO WHO
SO2
1 hour 350 ?g/m3 may be exceeded 24X/year 350 ug/m3 may be exceeded 24X/year Grade 1 150 Grade 2 500 Grade 3 700 200 ?g/m3 may be exceeded 175X/year
24 hour 125 ?g/m3 may be exceeded 3X/year 367 ?g/m3 may be exceeded 1X/year 125 mg/m3 may be exceeded 3X/year Grade 1 50 Grade 2 150 Grade 3 250 100 ?g/m3 may be exceeded 7X/year 340 ?g/m3 20 ?g/m3
Annual 21 ?g/m3 79 ?g/m3 Grade 1 20 Grade 2 60 Grade 3 100 20 ?g/m3 79 ?g/m3
NO2
1 hour 200 ?g/m3 may be exceeded 18X/year 200 mg/m3 may be exceeded 18X/year Grade 1 120 Grade 2 240 Grade 3 240 90 ?g/m3 may be exceeded 175X/year 395 ?g/m3 200 ?g/m3
Annual 40 ?g/m3 100 ?g/m3 40 mg/m3 Grade 1 40 Grade 2 80 Grade 3 80 40 ?g/m3 40 ?g/m3
PM (10)
24 hour 50 ?g/m3 may be exceeded 35X/year 150 ?g/m3 may be exceeded 1X/year over an average of 3 years 50 ?g/m3 may be exceeded 35X/year Grade 1 50 Grade 2 150 Grade 3 250 50 ?g/m3 may be exceeded 35X/year 150 ?g/m3 50 ?g/m3
Annual 40 ?g/m3 40 ?g/m3 Grade 1 40 Grade 2 100 Grade 3 150 40 ?g/m3 50 ?g/m3 20 ?g/m3
PM (2.5)
24 hour 15 ?g/m3 65 ?g/m3 25 ?g/m3
CO
8 hour mean 10 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 may be exceeded 1X/year 10 mg/m3 13 mg/m3
Ozone
8 hour mean 120 ?g/m3 may be exceeded 25 days/year averaged over 3 years 157 ?g/m3 120 ?g/m3 may be exceeded 25 days/year averaged over 3 years 120 ?g/m3 100 ?g/m3
1 hour mean 236 ?g/m3 Grade 1 160 Grade 2 200 Grade 3 200 216 ?g/m3
Criteria document developed by EPA Office of
Research and Development
Staff paper developed by EPA Office of Air
Quality Planning Standards
Source EU Commission, 2004
European Commission develops and researches
standards
Criteria document and staff paper reviewed by
the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee
(CASAC) Public participation occurs at this stage.
European Environment Agency provides information
to the public and policy-makers
European Parliament and European Commission set
standards
EPA Administrator sets standards
Each nation is in charge of creating implementati
on plans
States create implementation plans (SIP) states
may have more strict standards than federal
standard
ENFORCEMENT
European Court of Justice tries nations that do
not comply
EU US UK CHINA SWEDEN SOUTH AFRICA MEXICO
GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION and INFORMATION BODIES European Environment Commission European Environment Information and Observation Network US Environmental Protection Agency UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) State Environmental Protection on Administration (SEPA) China National Environmental Monitoring Center (CNEMC) Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) Department of Environmental Affairs Tourism (DEAT) Secretary of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT)
MAJOR AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT, REGULATION AND ENFORCEMENT TOOLS EU Emissions Trading Scheme ---Must be implemented by national legislation Clean Air Act and National Ambient Air Quality Standards SEMAQ (Satellite-Assisted Management of Air Quality) Stack Tests UK Air Quality Indicators UK Air Quality Archive UK Emissions Trading Registry 3 Different Grades of Air Quality Standards (I, II, III) Sulfur filters will be installed by 2010 Taxes ---Carbon Tax, Sulfur Tax, Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Fee Program National Environmental Management Act (1998) Air Quality Act Environmental Information System Mexico National Emissions Inventory
Department of Ecology and Clean Air Agencies
monitor standards, prosecute and fine violators
Standard battles
THE NETHERLANDS -Benchmarking Covenant clashes with EU Emissions Trading Directive -Standards are more stringent than EU standards
UNITED KINGDOM -UK Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) clashed with EU Emissions Trading Directive -Compromise between EU ETS and UK ETS (exemption of some UK installations)
Environmental Appeals Board Fines and penalties
may be appealed