Writing A Research Paper Part Two Writing Drafts and Citations

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Writing A Research PaperPart TwoWriting
Drafts and Citations
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Introduction

• Introductions are important. They arouse a
  reader's interest, introduce the subject, and
  tackle the So What? factor. In short, they're
  your paper's "first impression." But you don't
  have to write them first. In fact, many students
  prefer launching right into the body of the essay
  before they tackle intros and conclusions.
  However, other students prefer writing the
  introduction first to help "set up" what's to
  follow.

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Whatever your style, you'll probably put your
thesis/question somewhere near the end of the
paragraph and some important background
information directly before. Contrary to what you
may have been taught, intros don't have to begin
(even should not begin) with a "general
statement." So what are some different ways to
start that first sentence?
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Begin with a quotation. Just make sure you
explain its relevance.Begin with an
acknowledgment of an opinion opposite to the one
you plan to take.Begin with a short narrative
or anecdote that has a direct bearing on your
paper.Begin with an interesting fact
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Begin with a definition or explanation of a term
relevant to your paper.Begin with irony or
paradox.Begin with an analogy. Make sure it's
original but not too far-fetched.
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The Body

• Writing strategies to build the body of the paper
• Prepare an Outline.

• Chronology
• Question and Answer
• Classify and analyze
• Process analysis

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Write an outline for your paper by organizing
your notes from the note cards into topics,
subtopics, details, and subdetails. Use an
organization such as  I. (topic) 
A.(subtopic) 1. (detail)  II. (topic) 
A.(subtopic) 1. (detail) 

• Prepare an Outline

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Chronology

• Use chronology to trace historical events of your
  topic. How did the topic develop, and explain by
  placing the topic in a structure of its sequence
  by time. The writer may need to discuss the
  causes or consequences of certain events.

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Question and answer

• You can present information by framing a question
  and then answering it with specific details and
  evidence.

• Were early frontiersmen prejudice in their
  treatment of women? LAmours story give up a
  loud yes. One of the rules of the wagon train
  demonstrates the prejudice there has to be a man
  in every wagon.

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Classify and analyze

• Classify and analyze the various issues. Spend
  some time discussing the various items (entire
  paragrpahs or more for instance) to develop each
  as evidence in support of the thesis sentence.

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Process analysis

• A process analysis paragraph is useful in
  explaining the steps necessary to achieve a
  desired end.

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Cause and Effect

• Write cause and effect to develop the reason for
  a circumstance and / or to examine the
  consequences.

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Compare and Contrast

• Employ comparison and contrast to show the two
  sides of a subject, to compare two characters, to
  contrast the past with the present, or to examine
  positive and negative issues.

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Concrete examples and reasoning are the heart of
a paper. With your topic and controlling idea in
mind, push your thoughts beyond generalizations
to concrete examples. The clause, "I hate
potatoes," is general "the texture, color, and
flavor of potatoes does nothing for me," is a
more concrete statement.

• Generate concrete examples

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Writing the Body Checklist

• The paper written in third person No I or you!
• Each paragraph has a proper topic
  sentenceArguments are documented by proof or
  examplesThere are no run-on or unfinished
  sentencesThere are no unnecessary or
  repetitious wordsSentences are of varying
  lengths.Paragraph transition smoothly into the
  next?There are no spelling or grammatical
  errors?Quotations are accurate in source, and
  grammar? Citations are accurate and in correct
  format?Contractions are eliminated "cannot"
  instead of "can't", Is there a sense of
  completion for reader(s) at the end?

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Conclusion

• The conclusion to any paper is the final
  impression that can be made. It is the last
  opportunity to get the writers point across to
  the reader and leave the reader feeling as if he
  or she learned something. Leaving a paper
  "dangling" without a proper conclusion can
  seriously devalue what was said in the body
  itself.

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Writing conclusions that have substance

• In your conclusion, try to carry your reader to a
  new level of perception about the topic. A
  summary of what you have said in the paper is not
  satisfactory. After all the reader will hardly
  need reminding of things just read. Therefore
  use a combination of techniques.

Techniques used in writing conclusions should
reaffirm the topic and thesis. Cite specific
facts, use a paraphrase from an authority,
challenge an assumption or compare outdated ideas
in light of contemporary thinking to reach a
final conclusion.
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DON'T allow the conclusion to become a
restatement of the thesis. DON'T view it as
merely an ornamental way to end your paper - its
role should be to justify your paper at the
highest level.DO analyze how your argument has
changed as your paper has progressed. If you
haven't proven anything more than merely what you
mentioned in your introduction, you haven't
really said anything at all. DON'T begin your
conclusion with the opener "In conclusion...".
That makes your paper awkwardly self-conscious
and contrived, rather than naturally unfolded.
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DO attempt some sort of unified closure, with
respect to what you set up in the introduction.
If you used one of the previously mentioned
clever introductions, make reference again to the
quote, questions, or anecdote you
incorporated.DO consider linking your argument
to a more universal idea, analyzing its relevance
with an eye on the new angle your argument
proved.
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All formal reports or essays should be
typewritten and printed, preferably on a good
quality printer with good paper.Proofread final
paper carefully for spelling, punctuation,
missing or duplicated words. Make the effort to
ensure that your final paper is clean, tidy,
neat, and attractive. Remember appearance
counts!Aim to have your final paper ready a day
or two before the deadline. This gives you peace
of mind and a chance to triple check. Before
handing in your assignment for marking, ask
yourself "Is this the VERY BEST that I can do?"

• TYPE FINAL PAPER

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Citation

• Writers of research papers have to borrow
  information from other people in order to prove
  points. Any time one borrows information from
  another source, they must show in the paper where
  the information was found. This is called
  "citing" or "referencing." If one does not cite
  sources, it is called "plagiarism." It is illegal
  to plagiarize someone else's work or ideas.

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List sources in an alphabetical order according
to the author's last name.If no author is
listed, begin with the main word of the article
or book title (ignoring A, An, or
The).Underline the title of books, magazines,
or journals.

• Works Cited Formatting Rules

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A Dictionary is not an acceptable source
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Quote the title of articles, or any other work
that appears within a publication.The order of
each entry is as followsAuthor. "Article."
Title of Book. City Published Publisher, Year of
Publication.Complete MLA Format can be found at
http//depts.gallaudet.edu/englishworks/writing
/mlaguide.html
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Book with one authorClawfed, Marilyn. Americas
Richest People. Baltimore BelAir, 1976. Book
with two authors Jonessey, Vivian R., and Martin
O. Engle. Deaf History Triumphs and Tragedies.
Washington, DC Deaf Club, 1989. Book with
three authors Jonessey, Vivian R., Martin O.
Engle, and Cybil B. Forrester. Deaf History
Triumphs and Tragedies. Washington, DC Deaf
Club, 1989.

• Book Citing

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Newspaper Articles

• Newspaper Article
• Grosslyn, Jessica. "Plane Crash Raises Fears on
  Safety of Airplanes." Philadelphia News 14 Feb.
  1994 A10, col. 3.
• Newspaper Article with no author
• "U.S. Troops Go Home Today." The World News 25
  Nov. 1993 A5.

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Magazine Articles

• Magazine Article
• Comptell, Augustine. "Are We So Beautiful?"
  Beauty Center 3 Dec. 1995 A3.
• Magazine Article with no author
• "Whats a Prozin?" Health News. 22 Oct. 1994
  32-36.

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Note Form Versus Bibliographic Form

• With some exceptions, documentation notes and
  bibliographic entries provide the same
  information, but differ in form
• The differences are shown in Red

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Bibliographic Form

• Tannen, Deborah. You Just Dont Understand
  Women and Men in Conversation. New York Moscow
  1990

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Footnotes and Endnotes
1Tannen, Deborah. You Just Dont Understand
Women and Men in Conversation. (New York
Moscow 1990) 52.
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Encyclopedia Article

• Encyclopedia Article
• Krueber, Alfred L. "The Concept and Components of
  Cell Cultures." Britannica Micropedia. 1998 ed.
• Encyclopedia Article with no author
• "Making Money." Compton's Encyclopedia. 1974 ed.

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Online Sources

• Online book
• Fuller, Jennifer. Cat Phobia. 1977. 18 Jan. 1999
  lthttp//books.university.edu/1020/phobiagt.
• Online newspaper article
• Reid, T.R. "Druids Return to Stonehenge."
  Washington Post 23 Nov. 1993. 25 Nov. 1993
  www.washingtonpost.com/wpsrv/WPlate/1993
• Online Article with no author
• "Fleeting Consciousness." US News Online 29 June
  1998. 25 October 1999 www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/
  980629/29brain

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Any Questions?
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