WARM UP

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WARM UP

• Using your text book define the following words
  be sure to space out words every 8 lines. . .
• Cell
• Endosymbiosis (Endosymbiotic Theory)
• Eukaryote (Eukaryotic)
• Nucleus
• Organelle
• Prokaryote

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Who is this?
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INTRODUCTION TO CELLS

• UNIT 1

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History of the Cell
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Robert Hooke naturalist, philosopher, inventor,
architect....(July 18, 1635 - March 3, 1703)

• In 1665 Robert Hooke publishes his book,
  Micrographia, which contains his drawings of
  sections of cork as seen through one of the first
  microscopes (shown at right).
• He was the first person to use the term cells.

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723

• In 1673 Anton van Leeuwenhook perfects the simple
  microscope and observes cells and microorganisms.
• He discovered bacteria in 1674 and four years
  later, he discovers protozoa.

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Microscopes

• Magnification refers to the microscopes power
  to increase an objects apparent size
• Resolution refers to the microscopes power to
  show detail clearly

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Light Microscope
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Light Microscope
Elodea - Aquatic Plant
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Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
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Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Herpes Virus
Plant Root Cell
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Mosquito Head
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Fly Eye
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
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Cell Theory
Matthias Schleiden all plants are made of
cells
Theodore Schwann all animals are made of
cells
Rudolf Virchow all cells came from
pre-existing cells
Cell Theory
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Cell Theory
Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are
made of cells (1838)
Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals are
made of cells (1839)
Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cells came from
pre-existing cells (1855)

• Cell Theory
• all living things are made up of cells
• cells are the basic units of structure and
  function in an organism
• new cells are produced from existing cells

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Cell Specialization

• Cells in organisms are specialized to perform
  different tasks.

Photos from Biology, Prentice Hall
Red Blood Cells
Muscle Cells
Stomata
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The Levels of Organization
Multicellular organisms are arranged from simple
to complex according to their level of cellular
grouping.
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
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Levels of Organization

• What is the benefit of being made of all of these
  cells?

Level Function Example




Organ system
Different organs function together
Nervous System
Organ
Different tissues function together
Brain
Tissues
Similar cells function together
Nervous Tissue
Cells
Cells can perform special jobs
Neuron
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WARM UP

• Using a different colored pen/pencil, go back to
  your vocabulary words from yesterday and simplify
  or put the definitions you copied from the book
  into your own words.

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Cell Types

• PROKARYOTE
• No nucleus
• No membrane-bound organelles
• Small ribosomes
• Most cells are 1 -10 µm in size
• Evolved 3.5 billion years ago
• Found only in Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
  Kingdoms

• EUKARYOTE
• Has nucleus
• Many organelles
• Larger ribosomes
• Cells can be between 2 - 1,000 µm in size
• Evolved 1.5 billion years ago
• Includes Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
  Kingdoms

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Cell Type Prokaryotes

• Prokaryotes, which includes all bacteria, are the
  simplest cellular organisms. They have genetic
  material but no nucleus.

Bacteria cells
Typical bacteria cell
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Cell Types Eukaryotes

• Eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus
  and numerous membrane -enclosed organelles (e.g.,
  mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus) not
  found in prokaryotes.

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Different Types of Cells

• Prokaryotic

• Eukaryotic

no nucleus
nucleus
no nucleus
nucleus
small ribosomes
larger ribosomes
small ribosomes
larger ribosomes
organelles
no organelles
organelles
no organelles
small
very small
small 2-1000?m
very small 1-10?m
protists, fungi, plants, animals
protists, fungi, plants, animals
only in bacteria
only in bacteria
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How did organelles evolve?

• many scientists theorize that eukaryotes evolved
  from prokaryote ancestors.
• in 1981, Lynn Margulis popularized the
  endosymbiont theory.

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Endosymbiont theory

• a prokaryote ancestor eats a smaller prokaryote
• the smaller prokaryote evolves a way to avoid
  being digested, and lives inside its new host
  cell kind of like a pet.

Endo insideSymbiont friend
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• the small prokaryotes that can do photosynthesis
  evolve into chloroplasts, and pay their host
  with glucose.
• The smaller prokaryotes that can do aerobic
  respiration evolve into mitochondria, and convert
  the glucose into energy the cell can use.
• Both the host and the symbiont benefit from the
  relationship

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What Are the Parts of Cells

• Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have some
  things in common.

• All cells have
• cell membrane
• cytoplasm
• ribosomes
• nuclear material

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Parts of Cells
cytoplasm semi-liquid material that fills the
cell
nucleus controls most cell processes, contains
hereditary information (DNA)
chloroplast capture energy from sunlight and
convert it into chemical energy (food),
(photosynthesis occurs here)
vacuole sac-like structure that stores water,
salts, foods, etc
ribosomes manufacture proteins
mitochondria convert chemical energy stored in
food into ATP (cellular respiration occurs here)
cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves
the cell, protection and support
cell wall outer layer in plant cells, support
and protection
cytoplasm
nucleus
chloroplast
vacuole
ribosomes
mitochondria
cell membrane
cell wall
(p. 175)
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The Cell
cytoplasm
nucleus
chloroplast
vacuole
ribosomes
mitochondria
cell membrane
cell wall
(p. 175)
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Cell Organelles

• Plant

• Animal

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Cell Drawing Assignment

• Turn to page 175 in the textbook.
• Draw the outer shape of both the animal and plant
  cells on the paper provided by your teacher
• For the outline, draw the cell membrane in both
  cells and the cell wall around the outside of the
  plant cell
• Inside the cell include only the mitochondria and
  chloroplasts (label on drawing)

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Works Cited

• Red Blood Cells, Online Image June 5, 2006, NIH
  Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health,
  http//www.cc.nih.gov/dtm/dtm_whole_blood.htm
• Stomata Online Image, June 5, 2006, Energy
  Biosciences Program http//www.sc.doe.gov/bes/eb/H
  ighlights/CaOscillate/body_caoscillate.html
• Skeletal Muscle Cell Online Image, June 5, 2006,
  Medline Plus, http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/e
  ncy/imagepages/19495.htm
• Bacteria Cells Online Image, June 5, 2006, NASA
  Astrobiology Institute, http//nai.arc.nasa.gov/ne
  ws_stories/news_detail.cfm?articleold/meaning_of_
  life.htm

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Works Cited

• Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Cell Online Images, June
  5, 2006, NASA Astrobiology Institute,
  http//nai.arc.nasa.gov/news_stories/news_detail.c
  fm?articleold/domains.htm
• Biology Curriculum Writing Team, Plano
  Independent School District