LINKING WORDS

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• LINKING WORDS

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Definicija

• Veznici su nepromenljive reci koje povezuju reci
  iste vrste (npr. imenicu sa imenicom), jednu
  grupu reci sa drugom, ili recenicu sa recenicom.
• Takode pokazuju u kakvom odnosu stoje reci, grupe
  reci ili recenice koje povezuju.
• Bring a notebook and a pencil.
• She is good and kind.
• He spoke loudly and fluently.
• They said that they knew me.

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Vrste veznika

• Prosti and, but, so, or, yet, if, for, as, that,
  though
• Složeni unless, although, whereas, nevertheless
• Grupe reci in order to, as soon as, in case, as
  though

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Upotreba

• VEZNICI se po upotrebi dele na
• 1. COORDINATING (Naporedne) povezuju reci ili
  nezavisne recenice
• a) and, both...and, not only...but also, as well
  as služe da dodaju jednu rec ili recenicu
  drugoj, ili da rec ili recenicu naglase.
• He got up and left the room.
• She intends to visit both Italy and Spain this
  summer.
• He was not only good-looking but also
  intelligent.

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• b) but, however, nevertheless, yet pokazuju
  suprotnost.
• You have everything you want, but youre not
  satisfied.
• He worked hard to get a promotion, yet he failed.
• He did not lose hope, however.
• HOWEVER medutim, ipak
• NEVERTHELESS - ipak

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• c) either...or, neither...nor, or, or else
  pokazuju rastavljanje
• She is either ill or scared.
• I like neither him nor his brother.
• You d better hurry, or else youll miss the bus.
• Either ... or ili...ili
• Neither...nor ni...ni

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• d) so, so that, consequently pokazuju posledicu
  ili rezultat.
• She hasnt phoned, so we dont know whether she
  is coming.
• He missed most of the classes. Consequently, he
  failed the test.
• Consequently zbog toga

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• 2. SUBORDINATING (Podredeni) veznici koji
  povezuju zavisne recenice sa glavnom. Mogu da
  pokazuju
• a) vreme after, as, before, since, till, untill,
  when, whenever, while
• He will come after he has finished writing the
  letter.
• Ring till you get an answer.
• She waited half an hour in the rain before the
  bus arrived.

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• b) nacin i poredenje as, as if, as though, than
• You must do as you are told.
• He played better than we expected.
• c) uzrok as, because, for, since, whereas
• As I dont know a word of Greek, I cant help you
  with the translation.
• He was sorry because he couldnt go skiing with
  his friends.

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• d) dopuštanje though, although
• Although the car was damaged, the passengers were
  not injured.
• f) uslov if, provided, unless, in case
• I cant tell you unless you promise to keep
  quiet.
• If I find your book somewhere, Ill let you know.
• g) namera that, so that, in order to, so as
• He lit a fire in order to get warm.

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Kondicionalne recenice

• Su složene recenice koje koristimo da bi govorili
  o situacijama koje su moguce u sadašnjosti ili
  buducnosti (Tip 1), o zamišljenim situacijama u
  sadašnjosti ili buducnosti (Tip2) ili o
  zamišljenim situacijama u prošlosti (Tip 3).
• Sastoje se iz dve proste recenice od kojih jedna
  izražava uslov, a druga rezultat.

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Conditional Type 1

• If present simple / will inf.
• Lisa has lost her watch. Sue tells her If I
  find it, Ill let you know.
• If recenica uvek izražava uslov (ako ga nadem),
  a druga rezultat (javicu ti).
• Tip 1 izražava situaciju koja je realna, moguca u
  sadašnjosti ili buducnosti.
• Na srpski se prevodi kao
• Ako prezent / futur
• Ako ga nadem, javicu ti.

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Present simple for the future

• You'll be tired tomorrow if you stay up late.
• Tell me when the water boils.
• I won't do anything unless you agree.
• Write the name down in case you forget it.
• We use the present simple for the future after
  linking words such as if, when, unless and in
  case.
• If something might happen
• When something will happen
• We use if (not when) for something impossible or
• imaginary.
• If I were you, I'd refuse.

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If and unless

• Unless znaci isto što i if...not
• I cant see if I dont wear glasses. I cant
  see unless I wear glasses.

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• If or when?
• ? (I may see Tom tonight.) If I see Tom, I'll
  tell him the news.
• ? (Melanie is coming soon.) When Melanie comes,
  can you let her in, please?
• 1 (The alarm will ring soon.)we
  all have to leave the building.
• 2 (I might feel better tomorrow.)
  I'll probably go back to work.
• 3 (This film finishes at ten.) ..................
  I'll stop the video.
• 4 (The plan may not work.) ..
  we'll have to think of something else.

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• 2 If and unless
• ? You won't get there in time unless you hurry,
  (if you don't hurry)
• 1 We can't have a picnic .(
  if it isn't a nice day)
• 2 Don't leave the TV on
  (if you aren't watching it)
• 3 We can't do the job .
  (if we don't get help)
• 4 I wouldn't have bought the picture
  ...........(if I didn't like it)

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• 3 If and unless
• ? Rachel will be pleased if she passes her
  driving test.
• ? The bus won't stop unless you ring the bell.
• 1 I can't read your letters ......... you type
  them.
• 2 Emma will be upset .......... she doesn't get
  the job.
• 3 You can't go into the reception you've got a
  ticket.
• 4 Don't bother to ring me................. it's
  important.

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But, although, in spite of

• But and although
• We can join two sentences with but.
• The cafe was crowded, but we found a table. Nick
  has a car, but he doesn't often drive it.
• We can also use although.
• Although the cafe was crowded, we found a table.
  Although Nick has a car, he doesn't often drive
  it.
• The clause with although can come at the end.
• We found a table, although the cafe was crowded.

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• Though and even though
• Though is informal. It means the same as
  although.
• Though/Although I liked the sweater, I decided
  not to buy it.
• We can also use though at the end of a sentence.
• / liked the sweater. I decided not to buy it,
  though.
• Even though is stronger, more emphatic than
  although.
• Matthew looked quite fresh, even though he'd been
  playing squash.
• Even though you dislike Jessica, you should try
  to be nice to her.

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• In spite of and despite
• We use in spite of before a noun or before the
  ing-form of a verb.
• Kitty wanted to report on the war in spite of the
  danger.
• Mark went on working in spite of feeling unwell.
  We use despite in exactly the
• same way as in spite of and with the same
  meaning.
• She wanted to go despite the danger. He went on
  working despite feeling unwell.