Bioenergetics

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• ????????????????,??????????(?????????)????????????
  ??????????
• ???????????
• ??????????? ?????????????????????????

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????

• ?????????????
• ????
• ?????(????ATP???)
• ????
• ?????(???????????)
• ?????
• ???(fats, proteins, carbohydrates)?????

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????

• ???
• Protective barrier between interior of cell and
  extracellular fluid
• ???
• ????????????
• ????
• ??????
• ???? (???)

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???????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????,??????
  ??????,?????????????????????

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• Catalysts that regulate the speed of reactions
• Lower the energy of activation
• Factors that regulate enzyme activity
• Temperature
• pH
• Interact with specific substrates
• Lock and key model

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• ??
• ph?
• ????????????????????

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????

• ?????
• ?????????,????????? 121
• ???????4????
• ????????????
• ?1???,monosaccharides
• ?2???,disaccharides
• ?3???,polysaccharides

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• ?????????????????????????????????

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• ??
• ????????9?????
• ????,????????(1)???,(2)?????,(3)??,?(4)???
• Primarily fatty acids
• Stored as triglycerides

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• ???
• Not a primary energy source during exercise
• ???????????(amino acid)???????????????20??????????
  ????????????????

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• ?????????????,???????,??????????
• ????????4????

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?????

• ???????????????????-?????(adenosine triphosphate,
  ATP)
• ???
• ???

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ATP????????

• ??????????????
• ??????
• ????????
• ???????

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• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• ATP???????????(1)??(adenine),(2)??(ribose),?(3)??
  ????
• ??
• ??

ADP Pi ? ATP
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????

• ??????????????????????ATP
• ???????(1)????????(phosphocreatine,PC)??ATP,(2)??
  ??????????ATP,??????(glycolysis),(3)????ATP ?

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• ATP???
• (1)????????(phosphocreatine,PC)??ATP
• (2)????????????ATP,???????(glycolysis)
• (3)????ATP

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• ????
• Do not involve O2
• PC breakdown and glycolysis
• Cytoplasm
• ????
• Require O2
• Mitochondria
• Oxidative phosphorylation

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Anaerobic ATP Production

• ATP-PC system
• Immediate source of ATP
• ATP?PC?????
• PC????ATP

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• Glycolysis
• Energy investment phase
• Requires 2 ATP
• Energy generation phase
• Produces ATP, NADH (carrier molecule), and
  pyruvate or lactate

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?????????????

• ????(phosphocreatine, PC)????????????????(100?200?
  ?)?????,??PC?????ATP-PC????ATP??????
• ????????????????(creatine monohydrate)(20?/?)??5?,
  ??????????PC???

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????

• ???????????????20?
• ????
• ???????

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??????????

• Water vs. muscle weight gain
• Muscle cramping
• Nausea
• Dehydration
• Kidney abnormalities
• Long term effects are unknown

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????? ???

• ???
• 20-25 grams for 5-6 days, divided doses
• ???
• 2 grams/day

• Comments
• Take in combination with a high-carbohydrate food
• Not intended for endurance athletes

25
???

• ????Clucose
• ???Cytoplasma
• ?????ATP (net 2 ATP)

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• ?????6???,?????????3?????????????????????????????

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• ?????????????,NAD(???)
• ?????????????,FAD(???)

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??-?? ??

• ??
• Molecule accepts electrons (along with H)
• ??
• Molecule donates electrons
• Nicotinomide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
• Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

NAD 2H ? NADH H
FAD 2H ? FADH2
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?????

• Normally, O2 is available in the mitochondria to
  accept H (and electrons) from NADH produced in
  glycolysis
• In anaerobic pathways, O2 is not available
• H and electrons from NADH are accepted by
  pyruvic acid to form lactic acid

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????

• ?????????
• ???
• ?????ATP (38 ATP)

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??ATP???

• ????ATP????????????????? ???? ??????

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• ???? Krebs cycle
• H??(H)???? NADH and FADH???????
• ?????
• Oxidative phosphorylation
• Electrons removed from NADH and FADH are passed
  along a series of carriers to produce ATP
• H from NADH and FADH are accepted by O2 to form
  water

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• ??????????????,???????????????3???NADH?????FADH
• ????NADH?FADH,?????????????????????(guanosine
  triphosphate, GTP)??????GTP???????????????????ADP?
  ?ATP

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????

• ß?????????????????(fatty acid)??????A(acetyl-CoA)?
  ??

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?????

• ??????????????????,???????????????2??15?

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?????????????????
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????????ATP
38
ATP ????????

• Electron transport chain results in pumping of H
  ions across inner mitochondrial membrane
• Results in H gradient across membrane
• Energy released to form ATP as H diffuse back
  across the membrane

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????????????ATP
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????????

• Aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glucose
• Yields 38 ATP
• Aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glycogen
• Yields 39 ATP
• Overall efficiency of aerobic respiration is 40
• 60 of energy released as heat

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• ???????????????????ATP???7.3????????????????????68
  6??
• ???? 10040
• ???????????40,???60????????????????

38??ATP/1?????7.3?/??ATP 686?/?????
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• ?????????????ATP????????????????????????????????,?
  ??,????????????????????

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• ????????????????,??????????????????????????