Economics

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Retaking Europe

• Prior to December 7, 1941, much of America was
  ISOLATIONIST
• The war in Europe was Europes problem!
• Neutrality Laws
• Prohibited selling of weapons
• Sell goods on a cash and carry basis
• Unlawful for Americans to travel on a warring
  nations vessel
• FDR was worried about the expansion of
  totalitarian governments
• Lend-Lease Program- President could lend aid to
  any nation he believed was vital to American
  security

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Americans Join the Struggle

• In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and
  President Franklin D. Roosevelt met in secret
• Created the Atlantic Charter outlined war aims
  and set up basis for United Nations
• The United States entered the war in December
  1941, a critical time for the Allies.

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Why focus on Europe?

• After Japans attack on Pearl Harbor
• Pacific Fleet was crippled
• FDR decided to fight a defensive war in the
  Pacific
• Allies decide to
  center attention
  on Europe first

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• Blitzkrieg had extended Nazi control through most
  of Europe.

• In North Africa a mixed German and Italian army
  was bearing down

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• The Battle of the Atlantic German U-boats
  sailed out from ports in France and attacked and
  destroyed Allied merchant ships.

• A. GB relied on US shipments of food and
  supplies.
• US protected ships from U-boats w/ convoys.
• Germany began to attack w/ large groups of
  U-boats called wolfpacks.

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War in the Soviet Union

• After losing the Battle of Britain Hitler turns
  to the east and attacks Russia.
• Attack begins in June 1941.

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Invasion of Soviet Union

• Asked Roosevelt for help under Lend-Lease Act.
• Stalin urges allies to attack Hitler in Western
  Europe

Uhhlittle help here guys
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• The German advance (19411942)
• In June 1941, more than 3 million Axis troops
  crossed the Soviet border.
• by September 1941, German armies threatened the
  capital, Moscow

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• The Battle of Stalingrad (19421943)
• By October 1941, the cold Russian winter put a
  stop to the German advance,
• The Red Army made its stand at Stalingrad, a
  major rail and industrial center on the Volga
  River.

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• In November, the Soviets took advantage of the
  harsh winter to launch a counterattack. The
  German army was soon surrounded in the ruined
  city with no supplies and no hope of escape.

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On January 31, 1943, more than 90,000 surviving
Germans surrendered.

• Germanys seemingly unstoppable offensive was
  over and this proved to be the turning point of
  the war in the East.

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The Allied Air War

• The British Royal Air Force (RAF) had been
  fending off attacks from the German Air Force
  (the Luftwaffe) and carrying out long-range
  attacks on German cities.
• Allies begin CARPET BOMBING
• Massive damage to German Cities (civilians as
  well as military)

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Allied Bombing!

• Allied bombing of Germany intensified after the
  United States entered the war. More than 40,000
  civilians died in four attacks on Hamburg,
  Germany, in the summer of 1943.

• By 1944, British and American commanders were
  conducting coordinated raidsAmerican planes
  bombing by day and RAF planes bombing at night.
• At its height, some 3,000 planes took part in
  this campaign.

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Russia Needs Help! Where to Strike?
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AFRICA!

• The North Africa campaign From 1940 to 1943, the
  Allies and Axis battled in North Africa, with
  neither side gaining much of an advantage, until
  Allied armies finally trapped the Axis forces.
  About 240,000 Germans and Italians surrendered.

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Onto Italy

• The invasion of Italy In 1943, U.S. troops under
  General George S. Patton invaded the island of
  Sicily with British forces.

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Invasion of Italy

1. Control of Africa led to Allies making next move
   to retake Europe.
2. Decide to target Italy!

1. Many lose faith in Mussolini at this point, King
   Victor Emmanuel III has him arrested.

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1. Fascist party is disbanded, but Mussolini escapes
   w/ help of Hitler.

1. Sept. 1943 Italy w/ Rome under fire by Allies
   turns on Germany.
2. Leads to bloody showdown btwn Germans and Allies.

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Mussolinis End

• Germans in N. Italy dont surrender until April
  1945.
• That same month Mussolini is shot and killed by
  Italians

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The Invasion of Western Europe

• General George Marshall, FDRs Chief of Staff,
  wanted to invade Western Europespecifically
  German forces occupying France. The invasion,
  code-named Operation Overlord, would be launched
  from Great Britain. General Eisenhower would be
  the supreme commander of the invasion forces.

You are about to embark on
Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen of the Allied
Expeditionary Force
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interactive

• D-Day On June 6, 1944, the invasion of Western
  Europe began.

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Germans heavily fortify the French coastline.
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D-Day Invasion, June 6, 1944
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D-Day (June 6, 1944)

• 4,600 invasion craft
• 1,000 bombers
• 150,000 troops attempt to come ashore on 60m of
  coast

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1. Hitler hesitated to counterattack
2. Depsite heavy casualties the allies are succesful
   in taking the beaches of Normandy

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• Gen. Patton now uses blitzkrieg tactics on
  Hitler.
• August 1945Liberation of France!

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Battle of the Bulge

• December 1944 Americans begin crossing German
  border.

• Nazis Counterattack! forming a bulge in the
  Allied lines
• Desperate to defend its territory
• Largest battle ever fought by U.S. Army!

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Battle of Bulge

• Involved over 800,000 GIs, 80,000 casualties.
• German losses totaled 100,000
• after this battle...Germany realizes the war is
  lost

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March 1945

• Americans cross the Rhine River and moved toward
  the German capital of Berlin from the west.

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War Ends in Europe

• Meanwhile, Soviet troops fight their way to
  Berlin from the east.
• This fighting resulted in the deaths of some 11
  million Soviet and 3 million German soldiersmore
  than two thirds of the soldiers killed in the
  entire war.
• The Soviets finally reached Berlin in late April
  1945.

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Battle of Berlin

• Soviets surround Berlin. Hitler refuses to
  surrenderhe commits suicide in his bunker.

• or does he

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• US meets up with Soviets at Elbe River, and a few
  days later Germany surrenders on May 8, 1945

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Times Square VE Day!
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Yalta Conference

• The Yalta Conference In February, 1945, months
  before the fall of Berlin, Roosevelt, Churchill,
  and Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union, to
  discuss the shape of the postwar world. The
  leaders agreed
• (1) to split Germany into four zones, each under
  the control of a major Ally, including France.
• (2) They planned a similar division of Berlin.
• (3) Stalin promised to allow free elections in
  the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had
  liberated from the Germans.
• (4) He also promised to enter the war against
  Japan. Stalin did not fulfill any of these
  promises.

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Estimated World War II Deaths
SOURCE World War II A Statistical Survey