Title: 1 ????(Map Projection)????!
1II ????????? - ??????????
- 1 ????(Map Projection)????!
- 2 ?????(Spheroid/Ellipsoid)
- 3 ?????(????)(Datum)
- 4 ?????
- 5 ????
- 6 ????
- 7 ?????????
- 8 ??????
21 ?????GIS???????
- ???????????????
- ????????????????
- ?????????
32 ?????
- 2.1 ??
- ?????????(a)?????(b)???????(a-b 21km)?
- ??,??????????(???),???????????,?????
4(No Transcript)
5- 2.2 ?????
- ???? ?????(?????)?????,??????(?????)?
- ???? ????,???????(??)??,???????????,??????(??
???)??????????,???????????????????
???a,???b,??f(a-b)/a? - ????????????????????????????,?????????????????
??????????
6 7 ??,????????????????????,?????????????????????
?????????????????????? gt WGS84?
- 2.4 WGS84
- World Geodetic System reference spheroid of
1984, which is satellite-determined spheroid.
83 ????? Geodetic Datum
- ????????????????
- ????????????????????????????????,????????????????
- ??1954?????????????????????
- ??1980????????????????????????
9- ????
- ???????,???????????WGS84??????
- dX,dY,dZ - ????
- rX, rY, rZ ????
- S ????
10- ?????????
- 1952???,International (Hayford) ellipsoid
- 1953 1978, Krasovskiy ellipsoid
- 1978???,IUGG/IGA 1975 ellipsoid
- ??????? (????)
- 1954??????,?????????(Pulkovo)?????,???????????
? - 1980????????(?????),?????????????????,??1975??
?????????????(IUGG/IAG)???????????
11- ??????(????)
- 1956??????,??????(???????????)???72.289??
- 1985???????,????????,??????????72.260??
124 ?????
13- ?????
- ???????????????????????,???????????????
- ????????????????,?????????????????????????
14- ????????????????????,????????? - ??????????????
(?????),?????? - ?????????????????
15- ????
- ????,??????????????????????????,??????????????
???????????????,????????????????????????? - ????,??????????????(????)?????????????????????
????(?,?)????????(x,y)???????(? ,?)??????? - xf1(?,?) yf2(?,?)
- ? ?f1(?,?) ? f1(?,?)
165 ????
- 5.1 ????????
- ??? ???(??)????????ds?????(??)???????ds???
ds/ds - ???????????????????(?gt1)????(?lt1)????
- ???? v ? (ds-ds) /ds ?-1
- ??????????????????(v ? gt0)???(v ? lt0)????
17- ???????????????
- ????????????????????????,???????????????,?????
????????,???????????????,?????????????,???????????
???
18- 5.2 ????????
- ??????(??)??????dF?????(??)???????dF??PdF
/dF - ????????????????????????????
- ???? v p (dF-dF) /dF P-1
- ?????????????????????????
19- 5.3 ????
- ?????????????????????????????????????????,?v
? ? -???? - ??????????????,?????????????????,?????????????
?????????????????????(?)??????
206 ????
- ??400??
- ??100???
- ??????
- ?????????
- ?????????
21- 6.1????????????
- 6.1.1 ????
- ????(Azimuthal Projections)??????????,???????????
,????????????????? - ?? tangent ?? - secant
22????
????
23- ????(Cylindrical Projections)
???????????,???????????,??????????????????,???????
???????
24????
????
25- ????(Conical Projections) ???????????,??????????
???,??????????????????,??????????????
26(No Transcript)
27???????
???????
???????
28????(??)
??
??
??
29- ?????????????????????,??
- - ???? (the normal aspect)
- - ???? (the transverse aspect)
- - ???? (the oblique aspect)
30- ???? (the normal aspect)
- ?????? ????????
- ??????????????????????????
31(No Transcript)
32- ???? (the transverse aspect)
- ?????? ????????
- ???????????????? ??????????
33(No Transcript)
34- ???? (the oblique aspect)
- ?????? ????????
- ???????????????? ??????????
35(No Transcript)
36- 6.1.2 ?????
- ?????????,??????????,???????,??????,??????????
?????????? - ??????,??????????????????????????
37Sinusoidal ???????,(Sanson??)
38Robinson ?????
39- 6.2 ????????????
- 6.2.1 ????(Conformality,Conformal Projection)
- ?????????????????????????????????,???????(Orthom
orphic)? - ???,???????????m??????????n??,?mn?
40???? ?????????,?????????????
41- 6.2.2 ???? ( Equivalence, Equal-area
Projection, Equivalent Projection ) - ???????????????????????????????
- ???,??????,??m x n 1,?????????
42???? ???????????????,????????
43- 6.2.3 ????
- ??????????????,????????????????
- ?????????(Equidistance, Equidistant
Projection), ??????????????,?????????????????1(a1
?b1)?
44???? ????????????????
457 ?????????
- ????
- ??????
- ????????
- ?????????
- 7.1 ????
- ????,?????
- ?????,?????
- ????,?????
46- 7.2 ????(????)
- ???????????????z,????????,? z/? lt 1.41
?????????,???????????
47- 7.3 Ginzburg?Salmanova??
- ? 0 lt z lt 25 0 lt ? lt 35,
- z/?1.41 ????
- z/?1.73 ????
- z/?2.00 ????
- z ???????????
- ? ????
48(No Transcript)
49- 7.5 ???????
- ????,???????????????27???,?????????
- ???(Mercator)??(85)
- ????(10)
- Lambert????????(5)
- Albers????????
- ??????
- ???????????????(UTM)
508 ??????
- 8.1 ????????
- ????????,?????????????????????,?????????????,??
???????????????????????,???????????????1100????
51???????? (????105?,????,???)
52- 8.2 ????????
- ?????????????????,??????????????????,??????????
?,??????????????????????????????????????,????????
?????????????????????????????????,??????30?N,105
? E?
53???????? (????,105 ?E ,30 ? N)
54- 8.3 ????????
- ????????????????????,??????????????????????????
?,?M1,n11,n21,?????????????????????????????,???
?????????????,?????????????????????
55???????? (????90 ?E ,????24 ?N,47 ?N)
56- 8.4 ????????
- ????????????????????????,?mn1,????????????????
?????,??????????????,?????????????????????,??????
??????????????,??????,???????????????????,????????
????
57????????(????90 ?E , ????24 ?N,47 ?N)
58- 8.5 ????????
- ????????????????????????,?mn,??????????????????
?,???????????????,????????,??????,????????????????
?? - 1962????????????????????1100??????????1978?????
????1100???????????????4????,??????????15????,???
??????,???????
59- ????
- (Fi1,Fi2--??????,Long0--????,Lat0--???????,
Long1--?????,Lat1--?????,EarthR--????,MScale--???)
- r1 EarthR Cos(Fi1)
- r2 EarthR Cos(Fi2)
- alpha (Log(r1) - Log(r2)) / (Log(Tan(pi / 4
Fi2 / 2)) - - Log(Tan(pi / 4 Fi1 / 2)))
- kk r1 Tan(pi / 4 Fi1 / 2) alpha / alpha /
MScale - ps kk / (Tan(pi / 4 Lat0 / 2) alpha)
- p1 kk / (Tan(pi / 4 Lat1 / 2) alpha)
- Delta alpha (Long1 - Long0)
- X1 p1 Sin(Delta)
- Y1 ps - p1 Cos(Delta)
60????????(????90 ?E , ????24 ?N,47 ?N)
61- 8.6 ????????(?????)
- ?????????1569??????????????????????????????,????
???,????????? - ????(Long1--?????,Lat1--?????)
- X1 EarthR Long1 / MScale
- Y1 EarthR Log(Abs(Tan(pi / 4 lat1 / 2)))
/ Mscale
62?????
63- 8.7 ?????????(Mollweide??)
- ?????????????????,????Mollweide?1805???????????
,????????90º?????????,?????????????????,????????
????????????????????????
64- ?????40º 4411.8??????????,??????,????,??????
??????????????????????????? - ????(Long1--?????,Lat1--?????)
- X1 2 Sqr(2) EarthR / pi Long1
Cos(Lat1) / Mscale - Y1 Sqr(2) EarthR Sin(Lat1) / MScale
65Mollweide??
66- 8.8 Gauss-Krüger(?????????)?UTM (Universal
Transverse Mercator,????????????????????) - ?????(C.F.Gauss,1777-1855)?19??20??,???(J.
Krüger,1857-1923)????????????????????,????????????
???????????,????????????????????,???????????
67UTM??(????90? E)
68- 8.8.1 ???? ????
- ??-????????????????????,?????????????????,?????
?????????????(????),?????????????????????,????????
??,?????????????
69X
Y
??-????????
????????X? ?????Y? ????????????,???????,????????
???,???????????????
70?????-??,?-?????????
71?????-??,?-?????????
72- ????????????????????,????(m)????x????,????????
?500000?,?x??500000? - ???????500000?
- ??? ????
- ???????
- ???0?
- ???1,000,000?
73- ??--????????
- ??????????????????
- ????????????,??????
- ??????,???????????????????
- ????-???????????,?????????,?????????????????,?????
????????????????????????,???Y?????????????????????
,??????20?????????????
748.8.3 ???????????
- 12.5??150?????,??6 ?,
- ?????60????
- ??????72 ?136 ?,??11????
- 11??????????3 ?,???120???
75- ????????????????????,??????-?????,?? 11????3
º??,12.5?150????6 º??? - 6 º???????????,?6 º???,?1,2,,60???
- 3 º??????1º 30??,?3 º???,?1,2,,120?????????6
º?????????3 º??????,?3 º???????????6
º??????,???3 º????????6 º??,?????????????
76- ??
- ?6 º??3 º???????,??????????
- ????????????????,??????????????,??,?????????????
?????
77- 8.8.4??-??????UTM???
- ??-??????????????????????????UTM??(?????????,Un
iversal Transverse Mercator), ???-??????????UTM???
??????,???????????1?????,?????????0.9996???,??-??
????y?????0.9996,??UTM???
78Gauss-Krüger Scale factor 1
UTM Scale factor 0.9996
798.8.5 ???????????????
80- Geoid ?????
- Ellipsoid / Spheroid ?????
- Horizontal Datum ??????
- Vertical Datum ?????
- Parallels ??
- Meridians ???
- Central lines (central parallel / central
meridian) - ????/????
- Central meridian ?????????
- Reference latitude ?????????
- Standard parallel ????(??) - ?????
- Scale factor ??????? (???)
- False easting X??????????
- False northing Y??????????
81- 9 ????????
- ????????????????????,???????????????,??????????,??
????????? - ??????????????????,?????????????????????????
82- ???????????11??12.5??15??110??120??150??1
100???? - ???????????????????,???110??????????????????1
10??1100????????????1100??????????? - ?????????????,??????????????,???????????????????
????????????????
83- 1) 1100??????
- ??????????????????
- ???????????????4o???,????88o(???88o???????,??????
?????),?????????22?,???????A?B?C?DV??? - ?????180 o?????6 o???,???????60?,?????1?2?3?460
???
84- ????????????,?????????????S,??????????????????
,?????????,????????,??????????????????????????????
J-50(??14??)? - ????????????,???????,??6o??????????????,???????60
o-76 o??????????(???12 o,???4 o)???76o-88o??????
????(???24o,???4o)??????????,????,??(?????????)???
????????80o-84o,??48o-72o???????????????U-19?20?21
?22?
85(No Transcript)
86- 2) 150??120??110???????
- ??1100???????150???,???A?B?C?D??,?????1100?????
???????????,?J-50-B? - ??1100????16?125???,?????????(1)-(16)??,?????11
00????????????????,?J-50-(11)? - ??1100?????144?110???,?????1144??,?????1100?
???????????????,?J-50-32?
87114
120
40
A B
C D
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(5) (6) (7) (8)
(9) (10) (11) (12)
(13) (14) (15) (16)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
37 48
49 60
61 72
73 84
85 96
97 108
109 120
121 132
133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144
40
J-50
36
36
114
120
88- 3) 15??12.5??11???????
- 15???????,?110?????????15???,???A?B?C?D??,???
??110????????????????,?J-50-32-A? - ????15???????12.5????,???1?2?3?4??,?????15???
?????????????,?J-50-32-A-1? - 11???????,????110???????64?11????,???????(1)-
(64)??,?????110??????11??????,?J-50-32-(10)? -
89117 30 00
118 00 00
39 40 00
A B
C D
1 2
3 4
39 40 00
J-50-32
39 20 00
39 20 00
117 30 00
118 00 00
90- 4) ????????????????????????
- ????11??12.5??15??110??125??150???????,??
?????????12.5?150???????????6???,11???????????3
????
1 25 1.5? 1? 16
91?100???????,??????????
--
?????
?????
?????
100????????
100????????
ABCDEFGH,????100??50??25??10??5??2.5??1??5000?
?? J-50-E-013020
92- ???????
- ????????/(??????????????)
- Row ?1
- Col ??
93- ??
- 150? ???
- ? J-50-C
- ? J-50-B-002001
- 125? ???
- ? J-50-(11)
- ? J-50-C-003003
- 110????
- ? J-50-13
- ? J-50-D-002001