New Cultural and Political Horizons:

1
(No Transcript)
2
What is my Question?
3
(No Transcript)
4
Analyze how Galileo, Descartes, and Newton
altered traditional interpretations of nature
and challenged traditional sources of knowledge.
5
The What

• Self-conscious way of attaining knowledge about
  the world.
• Theoretical and empirical development.
  (Scientific Method)
• News institutional structure for gaining,
  verifying, and distributing knowledge.

6
History of the Royal Society of London (1667)
7
King Louis XIV visiting the Academy of
Sciences Sebastian Le Clerc (1671)
8
Where-When-Who

• Where France, Italy, the Netherlands, Great
  Britain.
• When From Copernicus (1543) to Newton (1727)
• Who Largely men who engage in an activity seen
  as masculine, although there were women as well.

9
Einstien
What is a Genius?
Disney
Mozart
Gates
10
Ancient and Medieval Science

• Aristotle until 16th
• Geo-centric.
• Cosmos ordered into spheres.
• Natures tendency was rest.

11
A mover had to be found for every motion.
12
Hypothesize some possible causes for such a
scientific view during the medieval period?
13
New Cultural and Political Horizons
The New Philosophy of Science
14
Revolution in Astronomy

• Aristotle until 16th
• Geo-centric.
• Cosmos ordered into spheres.
• Natures tendency was rest.

15
Vehement and passionate interest in the relation
of general principles to irreducible and stubborn
facts.
16
Copernicus

• Planets move around the earth at different speed.
• Concluded Helio-centric model
• Shift in Theoretical astronomy
• Angered Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish
  theologians.

17
Tycho Brahe

• How does the universe work?
• Brahe reflected Copernicus theory of the earth
  revolving around the sun.

18
Johannes Kepler

• Shared the Copernican theory
• Concluded the orbits were elliptical.
• Three Laws of Plantary motion.

19
Prioritize what were the most important points?
20
Francis Bacon

• Knowledge is Power
• Scientific Method
• Empiricism
• Novum Organum

21
Galileo

• The telescope
• Observations concluded the sun rotated.
• Falling objects velocity not determined by mass.

22
First View of the Moon through a Telescope (1609)
23
(No Transcript)
24
Descartes and NewtonCompeting theories of
Scientific Knowledge

• Descartes truth through deductive reasoning.
• Newton followed Bacons insistence that
  scientific knowledge was through scientific
  experimentation.

25
Rene Descartes

• Deduction
• 1637, published a Discourse of Method.
• Cartesian Dualism

26
Support with Deduction the existence of YOU!
27
Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727)

• Principia, The Mathematical Principles of Natural
  Philosophy
• Theory and experimentation.

28

• Falling apple related to planetary motion.
• Keplers laws correct if planets were pulled
  toward the sun by a force.
• Newtonian Synthesis Heavens and earth in a
  uniform and infinite and mathematically regular
  universe.

29
Biology as Physics

• Harvey thinks of the heart as a pump.

30
The Anatomy of Dr. Paaw of Leiden (1616)
The Culture of Science

• Mechanization of the world picture the world as
  a matter in motion and the end of an allegorical
  relationship between heaven and earth.

31
The Culture of Science

• Science could be put to use in the interest
  civilization.

Anatomoy Lesson of Dr. Nicholas Tulp (Rembrandt
1632)
32
First Look at Spit under a Microscope

• Leeuwenhoek
• (1683)

33
Botany

• Women are key in botany.
• Maria Sebilla Marien

34
Analyze how Galileo, Descartes, and Newton
altered traditional interpretations of nature
and challenged traditional sources of knowledge.
35

• Challenge Aristotelian model espoused by the
  scholastics, and endorsed by the Catholic Church
• Galileo challenges geo-centric world and moral
  dimensions.
• Galileos universe conflicted with the Bible and
  Aristotle
• Descartess reasoning based on empirical
  observation and deduction left no room for
  revelation.
• Newton took Galileos physics and created a set
  of mathematical laws that explain motion and
  mechanics.
• Scientific Method

36
Compare and contrast the similarities between the
ancient and medieval science and the new science?
37
Suppose you were a member of government, how
would you react to all of these new ideas?