Title: Women
1Womens movements of the 1920s and the 1960s
- Paige Z. Ahap KLM
- Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
- Edited by Ms. Levi
2-
- How does the womens movement of the 1920s
compare with the womens movement of the 1960s?
31920s
4Background
- Historically, women have been considered
intellectually inferior to men. - They were seen as major sources of temptation and
evil. - Women were also considered naturally weaker than
men
5- Woman is the gate of the devil, the path of
wickedness, the sting of the serpent, in a word a
perilous object. - -- St. Jerome, a 4th-c
Latin father of the
Christian church
6Flappers
7Flappers
- These women challenged traditional American
values. - Characteristics of a Flapper
- Short, bobbed hair
- Short hems on their skirts
- Listened to Jazz music
- Wore makeup
- Drank hard liquor
- Smoked cigarettes
- Treating sex in a more casual manner
- Were opposed to the conventional social and
sexual norms
819th Amendment
- The right of citizens of the United States to
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any State on account of sex.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article
by appropriate legislation. - It was ratified on August 18th, 1920.
9(No Transcript)
10Alice Paul
- She was the head of National Womens Party.
- Felt that the 19th Amendment wasnt enough.
- Pushed for an Equal Rights Amendment to be added
to the constitution.
January 11th, 1885- July 9th, 1977
11The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
- Men and women shall have equal rights
throughout the United States and every place
subject to its jurisdiction. - It was first introduced to Congress in 1923.
- Made all forms of discrimination based on sex
illegal. - Never passed in Congress.
12Margaret Sanger
- In 1921, she founded the American Birth Control
League (ABCL) - Today known as Planned Parenthood
- In 1923, she established the Clinical Research
Bureau. - The first legal birth control clinic in the U.S.
- Women were then able to control their own bodies.
- This movement educated women about existing
birth control methods. - A 1936, a Supreme Court decision declassified
birth control information as obscene.
13- Woman was created to be man's helpmeet, but
her unique role is in conception . . . since for
other purposes men would be better assisted by
other men." - --Thomas Aquinas, 13th century
Christian theologian
14Adkins v. Childrens Hospital 1923
- The Supreme Court decided that a minimum wage for
women violated the right to freedom of contract.
William Howard Taft was the Chief Justice
15Womens Bureau of the Department of Labor
- In 1920, the Women's Bureau of the Department of
Labor was established to gather information about
the situation of women at work, and to advocate
for changes it found were needed. - Many suffragists became actively involved with
lobbying for legislation to protect women workers
from abuse and unsafe conditions.
16Pink Collared Jobs
- Gave women a taste of the work world.
- Low paying service occupations.
- Made less money than men did doing the same jobs.
- Examples of jobs
- Secretaries
- Teachers
- Telephone operators
- Nurses
17Pink Collared Jobs
- Women were confined to traditional feminine
fields in the work force. - The new professional women was the most vivid
and widely publicized image in the 1920s. - But in reality, most middle class married women
remained at home to care for their children.
181928 Olympics
- These were the first Olympics that women were
allowed to compete in. - There were many arguments about these actions.
- Some argued that it was historically
inappropriate since women did not compete in
ancient Greek Olympics. - Others said that physical competition was
injurious to women.
The 1928 Dutch Womens Gymnastics team. They won
the gold medal in the group event.
19Education
- By 1928, women were earning 39 of the college
degrees given in the United States. - It had risen from the original 19 it was at the
beginning of the century. - Example
- In 1926, Sarah Lawrence College was founded as an
all girls school
201960s
21Background
- The Women's Rights Movement of the 1960s was a
second wave of activism. - The women's movement of the 1960s drew
inspiration from the civil rights movement - It was made up of members of the middle class
- It was also caused by the sexual revolution of
the 1960s - Sparked by the development of the birth-control
pill in 1960
Martin Luther King Jr. giving his"I Have A
Dream, 1963
22Background Cont
- Sexual assault and domestic violence became
central targets of women's activism - The crime of rape begins to increase in numbers
- Rape is sex without consent, both legally and
socially - Susan Brownmiller's book, Against Her Will,
examines the history of rape - Feminists work to create domestic violence
shelters and rape crisis hotlines - Feminism
- Theory of political, economic, and social
equality of men and women.
231950
- Women were expected to
- Bethe perfect housewife
- Care for children, husband, home
- Help husband in his career
- After WWII Women
- Went to college
- entered the workforce
- Found job prospects in the 1950s by
- Expecting to work until marriage
- Employers did not invest in training for women
because they did not remain long in the work
force - Always paid less than men - persists today
- Women sometimes not hired at all
24National Organization for Women (NOW)
- Founded in 1966.
- Founded by a group of people, including Betty
Friedan, and Rev. Pauli Murray. - The first African-American woman Episcopal
priest. - Betty Friedan became the organization's first
president.
25NOW (cont.)
- The goal of NOW is to bring about equality for
all women. - They campaigned to gain passage of the ERA
amendment at the state level. - Issues NOW deals with
- works to eliminate discrimination and harassment
in the workplace, schools, and the justice
system. - secure abortion, birth control and reproductive
rights for all women - end all forms of violence against women
- eradicate racism, sexism and homophobia
- promote equality and justice in society.
26Rachel Carson
- May 27th, 1907- April 14th, 1964
- Wrote the controversial book, Silent Spring
- It says that pesticides are destroying wildlife
and endangering humanity.
May 27th, 1907- April 14th, 1964
27Betty Friedan
- Wrote the book, Feminine Mystique in 1963.
- In her book, she depicted the roles of women in
industrial societies. - She focused most of her attention on the
housewife role of women. - She referred to the problem of gender roles as
"the problem without a name". - The book became a bestseller and was the cause
for the second wave of feminism in the 60s.
Feb. 4th, 1921- Feb. 4th, 2006
28- The problem that has no namewhich is simply the
fact that American women are kept from growing to
their full human capacitiesis taking a far
greater toll on the physical and mental health of
our country than any known disease. - -- Betty Friedan
29Shirley Chisholm
- November 30, 1924 to January 1, 2005
- In 1968 Shirley Chisholm of New York was the
first black woman elected to the House of
Representatives.
30First national Commission on the Status of Women
- President Kennedyestablished the firstnational
Commissionon the Status of Women in 1961. - In 1963 the commission issued a report detailing
employment discrimination, unequal pay, legal
inequality, and insufficient support services for
working women.
31Equal Pay Act 1963
- It is the first federal law prohibiting sexual
discrimination. - In 1963 the average female workers wages in the
United States were equivalent to 58.9 of the
average male workers earnings. - It abolished wage differences based on sex.
- No employer having employees subject to any
provisions of this section section 206 of title
29 of the United States Code shall discriminate,
within any establishment in which such employees
are employed, between employees on the basis of
sex by paying wages to employees in such
establishment at a rate less than the rate at
which he pays wages to employees of the opposite
sex in such establishment for equal work on
jobs --
Equal Pay Act
32The Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Passed in 1964.
- It banned discrimination on the basis of color,
race, national origin, religion, or sex. - Section VII set up the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce the act.
33Presidential Executive Order 11246
- It was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on
September 24th, 1965 - It prohibited bias against women in hiring by
federal government contractors. - Prohibits federal contractors and federally
assisted construction contractors and
subcontractors, who do over 10,000 in Government
business in one year from discriminating in
employment decisions on the basis of race, color,
religion, sex, or national origin."
34Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
- Estelle Griswold was the executive director of
Planned Parenthood League. - The case involved a Connecticut law that
prohibited the use of contraceptives. - Ruled that the Constitution protected a right to
privacy. - Found that Connecticut should allow married
couples to use birth control.
Chief Justice Earl Warren (top), Estelle Griswold
(right)
351973 Roe vs Wade
- Legalized abortions during first trimester
- The first trimester of pregnancy is week 1
through week 12, or about 3 months. - Still restrictions later in pregnancy
36Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
- Proposed amendment to Constitution that would
outlaw discrimination based on sex - Passed by Congress in 1972
- Was not ratified by required number of states
- Growing conservative opposition to radical
feminism. - 1980s forward the new conservatism
- New Conservatism
- "new conservatives" criticized "creeping
socialism" of Eisenhower, and advocated for the
return to traditional moral standards. - Opposed the womens rights movement and claimed
some women were happy in the home, men were often
hostile, African Americans rights still lacking.
37The End
38Works Cited
- "1920s." Women of the Century. 2006. Discovery
Channel. 1 June 2007 lthttp//school.discovery.com
/schooladventures/womenofthecentury/decade bydecad
e/1920s.htmlgt. - 1928 Olympics. 1928. Amsterdam. The Holocaust. 1
June 2007 lthttp//www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/on
line/olympics/zcd078.htmgt. - "1960s." Women of the Century. 2006. Discovery
Channel. 1 June 2007 lthttp//school.discovery.com
/schooladventures/womenofthecentury/decade bydecad
e/1960s.htmlgt. - "Alice Paul Feminist, Suffragist and Political
Strategist." Alice Paul Institute. 23 May 2007.
31 May 2007 lthttp//www.alicepaul.org/alicepaul.ht
mgt. - Bachir, John J. Betty Friedan. 2006. JJB Blog. 4
June 2007 lthttp//blog.johnjosephbachir.org/tag/f
reedomgt. - "Betty Friedan." Women of the Hall. 1993.
National Women's Hall of Fame. 4 June 2007
lthttp//www.greatwomen.org/women.php?actionviewon
eid62gt. - Chapin. "Two's Company, Three's a Crowd."
Cartoon. Literary Digest. 6 June
2007lthttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageTwo27s_C
ompany2C_Three 27s_a Crowd.jpggt. - "Chisholm, Shirley Anita." Biographical Directory
of the United States Congress. 2005. 7 June
2007lthttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodispl
ay. pl?indexC000371gt. - Corbis-Bettmann. Rachel Carson. 1963. Carson,
Rachel. 1 June 2007 lthttp//www.pollutionissues.c
om/Br-Co/Carson-Rachel-Scientist-Ecologist- Writer
-of-Silent-Spring-1907-1964.htmlgt. - Eisenberg, Bonnie, and Mary Ruthsdotter. "Living
the Legacy the Women's Rights Movement 1848 -
1998." Women's Rights Movement. 1998. 5 June 2007
lthttp//www.legacy98.org/move-hist.htmlgt.
39Works Cited Cont
- "Equal Rights Amendment." National Organization
of Women. 2007. NOW. 19 May 2007
lthttp//www.now.org/issues/economic/eratext.htmlgt.
- "Flapper Culture Style." The Jazz Age. 2001. 1
June 2007 lthttp//www.geocities.com/flapper_cultu
re/gt. - Graduation. 1926. Historical Timeline of the
University of Idaho. University of Idaho. 1 June
2007 lthttp//www.lib.uidaho.edu/special- collectio
ns/timeline.htmgt. - Griswold V. Connecticut. Warren Court. 7 June
1965. 7 June 2007 lthttp//www.oyez.org/cases/1960
-1969/1964/1964_496/gt. - Lewis, Jone J. "Women's History." About.Com.
2001. New York Times. 15 May 2007
lthttp//womenshistory.about.com/library/pic/1913/b
l_p_191307.htmgt. - Mount, Steve. "U.S Constitution- Amendment 19."
The U.S. Constitution Online. 2007. 31 May 2007
lthttp//www.usconstitution.net/xconst_Am19.htmlgt.
- "NOW." National Organization for Women. 4 June
2007 lthttp//www.now.org/gt. - "Sports Track Field--the 1928 Olympics."
HerStory. 2007. 1 June 2007 lthttp//library2.usas
k.ca/herstory/field.htmlgt. - "The Equal Pay Act of 1963." Essortment. 2002. 5
June 2007 lthttp//nc.essortment.com/equalpayact_r
vwx.htmgt. - Tranter, John. Mother, NéE Anne Katherine Brown,
Circa 1920. 1920. Australia. JohnTrater.com. 31
May 2007lthttp//johntranter.com/interviewed/2001li
lley .phpgt. - "WomenS Rights." Encarta. 2007. MSN. 1 June 2007
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/Womens_Rights.htmlgt.