From Childhood through Adulthood Nutrition

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From Childhood through Adulthood Nutrition

• BIOL 103, Chapter 13

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Todays Topic

• Childhood Nutrition
• Adult/Mature Adult

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Childhood

• Childhood vs. Adolescence
• Childhood
• Adolescence
• Category of Childhood
• Toddlers 1-3 years old
• Preschoolers 4-5 years old
• School-aged children 6-10 years old

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Energy and Nutrient Needs During Childhood

• Energy and Protein
• Total energy requirements gradually increases
• Kilocalories and grams protein per kg of body
  weight decreases from infancy
• Vitamins and Minerals
• Variety of foods needed
• Assess iron intake

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Childhood

• Vitamin and Mineral Supplements
• Recommended balance of food groups for kids is
  the same as adults.
• Who should receive supplements?

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Influences on Childhood Food Habits and Intake

• Toddlers food habits are usually temporary
• Idea is to promote self-regulation of energy
  intake.
• Caregivers have increased role in the development
  of childs health and nutrition habits ? safe,
  sanitary, and supportive environment.
• Examples
• Kids are responsible for when and how much to eat.

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Influences on Childhood Food Habits and Intake

• External factors
• Television
• Why?
• Environmental factors

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Nutritional Concerns of Childhood

• Malnutrition and hunger
• Food insecurity people who take in enough
  calories but have diets of reduced quality that
  do not met all daily requirements.
• Federal assistance programs
• WIC
• SNAP (formerly the Food Stamp Program)
• National School Lunch
• Breakfast and Summer Food Service Program

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Nutrition Concerns of Childhood

• Food and behavior
• Caffeine in soft drinks and energy drinks make
  children jittery and interfere with sleep.
• Foods associated with hyperactivity
• Definition a maladaptive and abnormal increase
  in activity that is inconsistent with
  developmental levels.
• Examples
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• No solid proof that ADHD is associated with sugar
• Food preservatives and colorings may enhance
  hyperactive behaviors (further research needed)

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Nutrition Concerns of Childhood (PS13, Q2)

• Childhood overweight
• 32 of children age 2-19 years are overweight or
  obese
• Programs designed to treat childhood obesity
  generally provide behavior modification and
  exercise counseling, instead of restricting
  caloric intake or food choices.
• Usual strategy

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Nutrition Concerns of Childhood

• Nutrition and chronic disease
• Eating with adults ? _______________________
• Infants/Toddlers need fat in their diet for
  growth, organ protection, and CNS development
• Children 2 should consume diet lower in fat,
  saturated fat, and cholesterol to reduce risks
  for chronic diseases.
• Q What are some examples of chronic diseases?
• Dietary Guidelines for Americans
• AAP recommends screening children with family
  history of high lipid levels

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Nutrition Concerns of Childhood

• Lead toxicity
• How?
• Can lead to
• Slow growth
• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Damage to brain and CNS ?
• Low iron, calcium, and zinc intakes increase lead
  absorption

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Nutrition Concerns of Childhood

• Vegetarianism
• Nutrients to emphasize
• Calcium
• Iron
• Zinc
• Vitamin B12
• Vitamin D

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Figure 13.4 Factors that contribute to childhood
obesity

• Childhood obesity is on the rise, and it
  predisposes children to health problems when they
  become adults.

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Adolescence

• Adolescence time between onset of puberty and
  adulthood
• Puberty period of life during which the
  secondary sex characteristics develop and the
  ability to reproduce is attained.
• Maturation process includes both physical growth
  and emotional maturation

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Adolescence

• Physical growth and development
• Height
• For girls begins between 10-11yrs
• 6 inches in height, 35 lbs in weight
• Peak one year before menarche
• 2-4 inches during the remainder of adolescence
• For boys begins between 12-13 yrs
• 8 inches in height, 45 lbs in weight
• Thus, an malnourished adolescent may not achieve
  his/her full potential height when growth period
  is over.

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Adolescence

• Physical growth and development
• Changes in body composition
• Boys increase in lean body mass
• Girls increase in body fat
• Changes in emotional maturity
• Psychological development affects food choices,
  eating habits, body images.

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Nutrient Needs of Adolescents

• Energy and protein
• Highest total calories and protein grams per day
  than at any other time of life (exception of
  pregnancy and lactation)
• Vitamins and minerals
• Nutrients of concern

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Nutrition Needs of Adolescents

• Influences on Adolescent Food Intake
• Examples?
• Environment School cafeteria and vending
  machines selling sports drinks, added-sugar
  beverages, and high fat meals/snacks.

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Figure 13.7 Factors that influence adolescent
food choices

• Social, cultural, psychological factors,
  especially peer pressure, strongly influence
  adolescent food choices.

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Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adolescents

• Fitness and Sports
• Can provide catalyst for learning about nutrition
  and improve daily habits
• Acne
• Investigating the connections between diets and
  acne
• Examples
• Eating disorders
• Becomes preoccupied with weight, appearance, and
  eating habits.
• Not just a girls problem

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Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adolescents

• Obesity
• Risk factors
• Physical
• Developing high blood pressure
• Abnormal blood glucose tolerance and type 2
  diabetes
• Breathing problems, joint pain, and heartburn.
• Psychological
• ______________________________________

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Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adolescents (PS13,
Q3a)

• Tobacco, alcohol, recreational drug
• Period of experimentation
• Alcohol and drug use may take priority over
  adequate food intake
• Teens who use drugs are usually underweight and
  report poor appetites
• Marijuana ?
• Tobacco ?
• Alcohol ?

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Staying Young While Growing Older

• Age-related changes
• Weight and body composition
• Add fat lose lean body mass
• Overweight/obese ? chronic diseases
• Underweight ? cardiovascular disease and
  osteoporosis
• Physical activity
• Loss of lean body mass ? _______________________
  ____________________________________________
• Regular physical activities reduces disease risk
  and improves mental health.

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Staying Young While Growing Older

• Age-related concerns (cont.)
• Immunity
• Decline in defense mechanisms around 40-50 yrs
  old
• Examples
• Increased risk for urinary tract infections,
  upper respiratory illness (pneumonia, influenza)
• Taste and smell
• Decline in sensitivity ? thus, increases intake
  foods high in ______________________.
• Better to serve foods with stronger flavors and
  odors over bland food.

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Staying Young While Growing Older

• Age-related concerns (cont.)
• Gastrointestinal changes
• Reduced saliva production ?
• Reduced acid secretion (HCl and pepsin) ? less
  efficient food digestion and allow the
  development of atrophic gastritis ? interfere
  with B12 absorption
• Reduced GI motility ?

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Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult

• Energy
• Reduced calorie needs
• Physical activity increases energy requirements
  while also helping to delay some loss in lean
  mass.
• Protein
• Same needs per kg body weight as younger adults

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Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult

• Carbohydrate
• 45-65 of calories in diet (high-carb)
• Fiber ? prevents constipation and diverticulosis,
  reduce risk for diabetes, promote healthy body
  weight
• Fat
• Maintain a moderate low-fat diet
• Water
• Reduced thirst response ? dehydration
• Fluid recommendations are same as younger adults

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Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult

• Vitamins of concern
• Vitamin D
• Needed for bone health, calcium balance ? if not,
  osteoporosis
• Aging skin and tissues ? reduced skin synthesis
  and activation of vitamin D
• Higher needs compared to younger adults
• B vitamins
• Reduced ability to absorb B12
• Folate, B6, B12, may help reduce
  ______________________
• Should consume _____ fortified foods and
  supplements

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Nutrient Needs for Mature Adults

• Antioxidants
• Found in fruits and vegetables
• Important to reduce oxidative stress and
  degenerative diseases such as cataracts,
  Alzheimer, and macular degeneration.
• May protect against damage to the brain

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Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult

• Minerals of concern
• Calcium Bone health
• Reasons
• Zinc Immunity and wound healing
• Marginal deficiencies likely
• Avoid excess supplementation
• Iron
• Elders may have limited intake

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Figure 13.16 Micronutrients of particular concern
for older people

• As we age, our energy needs decline, but our
  vitamin and mineral needs remain stable.
• This makes nutrient-dense foods especially
  important for older adults.

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Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults

• Drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions
• Can affect use of drugs or nutrients
• Herbal supplements, vitamins and minerals
  supplementation in high doses should be viewed as
  drugs
• Possible interactions should be identified and
  avoided
• Depression
• Common among institutionalized and low-income
  seniors
• May reduce food intake
• Alcoholism can interfere with nutrient usage

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Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults

• Anorexia of aging
• Loss of appetite with illness
• Can lead to __________________ malnutrition
• Arthritis (pain and swelling in joints)
• May interfere with food preparation and eating
• Medications may interfere with nutrient
  absorption
• Managing weight and dietary changes may improve
  symptoms

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Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults

• Bowel and bladder regulation
• Increased risk of urinary tract infection
• Chronic constipation more common with age
• Dental health
• Tooth loss, difficulty swallowing, and mouth pain
  may interfere with eating ability or food choices

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Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults

• Vision Problems
• Can affect ability to shop and cook
• Antioxidants may reduce macular degeneration
• Osteoporosis
• Common in elders, especially women
• Maintain calcium, vitamin D, and exercise

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Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults

• Alzheimers disease accumulation of plaques in
  certain regions of the brain and degeneration of
  a certain class of neurons
• Affects ability to obtain, prepare, and consume
  an optimal diet.
• Reduced taste and smell
• Risk for weight loss and malnutrition

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Meal Management for Mature Adults

• Managing independence
• Finding community resources
• Service for elders
• Meals on Wheels
• Elderly Nutrition Program
• Food Stamp Program/SNAP