Cause

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Cause Effect text Structure
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Another text structure

• Sometimes, a writer will want to explain how one
  event leads to another
• This kind of text structure is called cause and
  effect

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Cause and effect signal words

• cause
• effect
• as a result consequently
• so

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More Signal Words

• Cause                                Effect
• Because                        As a result
• The reason for            Outcome
• On account of              Finally
• Bring about                  Consequently
• Give rise to                  Therefore
• Created by                   For this reason
• Contributed by             Hence
• Led to                          Effect
• Due to                         Then
• Since                           So

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Can you find the signal words?

• The nights snowstorm had many effects.
  People were out shoveling snow from their
  sidewalks. The power lines were draped with ice.
  Snow plows drove down every street. Children were
  the happiest of all. The unexpected snow caused
  school to be cancelled!

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Can you find the effect words?

• The nights snowstorm had many effects.
  People were out shoveling snow from their
  sidewalks. The power lines were draped with ice.
  Snow plows drove down every street. Children were
  the happiest of all. The unexpected snow caused
  school to be cancelled!

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Use signal words to identify which is the cause
and which is the effect.

• Baby painted turtles spend all winter in
  their nests. They have special chemicals in their
  blood that can keep their blood from freezing. As
  a result, baby painted turtles can survive
  freezing temperatures!

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More with cause and effect

• Baby painted turtles spend all winter in
  their nests. They have special chemicals in their
  blood that can keep their blood from freezing. As
  a result, baby painted turtles can survive
  freezing temperatures!

This is the cause
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Use the signal words to identify the cause and
effect in this paragraph.

• Baby painted turtles spend all winter in
  their nests. They have special chemicals in their
  blood that can keep their blood from freezing. As
  a result, baby painted turtles can survive
  freezing temperatures!

This is the effect
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But sometimes its not so simple

• Cause/Effect is not always written in the
  sequence format.
• Cause and effect also analyzes why something
  happens.
• Cause-and-effect essays examine causes, describe
  effects, or do both.

• In the following passage from a New York Times
  column entitled "The Pump on the Well," Tom
  Wicker considers the effects of a technological
  advance on a village in India.

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See if you can identify the Causes Effects.

• When a solar-powered water pump was provided for
  a well in India, the village headman took it over
  and sold the water, until stopped. The new
  liquid abundance attracted hordes of unwanted
  nomads. Village boys who had drawn water in
  buckets had nothing to do, and some became
  criminals. The gap between rich and poor widened,
  since the poor had no land to benefit from
  irrigation. Finally, village women broke the
  pump, so they could gather again around the well
  that had been the center of their social lives.
  Moral technological advances have social,
  cultural sentence   and economic consequences,
  often unanticipated.

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See if you can identify the Causes Effects.

• CAUSES When a solar-powered water pump was
  provided for a well in India, the village headman
  took it over and sold the water, until stopped.
  The new liquid abundance attracted hordes of
  unwanted nomads. Village boys who had drawn water
  in buckets had nothing to do, and some became
  criminals. The gap between rich and poor widened,
  since the poor had no land to benefit from
  irrigation. Finally, village women broke the
  pump, so they could gather again around the well
  that had been the center of their social lives.
  Moral technological advances have social,
  cultural sentence   and economic consequences,
  often unanticipated.

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See if you can identify the Causes Effects.

• When a solar-powered water pump was provided for
  a well in India, the village headman took it over
  and sold the water, until stopped. The new
  liquid abundance attracted hordes of unwanted
  nomads. Village boys who had drawn water in
  buckets had nothing to do, and some became
  criminals. The gap between rich and poor widened,
  since the poor had no land to benefit from
  irrigation. Effects Finally, village women broke
  the pump, so they could gather again around the
  well that had been the center of their social
  lives. Moral technological advances have social,
  cultural, and economic consequences, often
  unanticipated.

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• Cause-and-effect analysis explains why something
  happened--or is happening---and it predicts what
  probably will happen.
• Sometimes many different causes can be
  responsible for one effect.
• Similarly, many different effects can be produced
  by a single cause.

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For Example

• Many elements may contribute to an individual's
  decision to leave his or her native country and
  come to the United States.
• Causes                                   
  Effect Political repression            
  Immigrants come to USDesire to join family
  members Desire for economic opportunity Desire
  for religious freedom

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• Immigration, for instance, has had a variety of
  effects on the United States.
• Cause                                      Effects
  Immigrants come to                 Diverse
  culture the United States                     New
  goods and services                              
                      Housing shortages
                                                   
  Challenges to education                          
                         New political agendas

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Review

• Which text structure tells about how things are
  similar and different?
• Compare and contrast
• Which text structure introduces a main idea and
  several supporting details?
• Description
• Which text structure discusses a problem and
  possible solutions?
• Problem/Solution
• What does the cause/effect text structure
  explain?

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EXIT SLIP

• How do you determine whether or not an article is
  an example of the cause/effect text structure?

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• This presentation was adapted from the Power
  Point presentation, Understanding Text
  Structures, by Emily Kissner.
• Follow the links to find the original
  information
• http//www.slideshare.net/elkissn/understanding-te
  xt-structures
• http//www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Underst
  anding-Text-Structure-Powerpoint