Atmosphere

1
Atmosphere

• Water and Air the two essential elements on
  which life depends have become global garbage cans

2
Essential Standards

• EEn.2.5 Understand the structure of and processes
  within our atmosphere.
• EEn.2.5.1 Summarize the structure and composition
  of our atmosphere.
• EEn.2.5.2 Explain the formation of typical air
  masses and the weather systems that result from
  air mass interactions.
• EEn.2.5.3 Explain how cyclonic storms form based
  on the interaction of air masses.
• EEn.2.5.4 Predict the weather using available
  weather maps and data (including surface, upper
  atmospheric winds, and satellite
• imagery).
• EEn.2.5.5 Explain how human activities affect air
  quality.
• EEn.2.6 Analyze patterns of global climate change
  over time.
• EEn.2.6.1 Differentiate between weather and
  climate.
• EEn.2.6.2 Explain changes in global climate due
  to natural processes.
• EEn.2.6.3 Analyze the impacts that human
  activities have on global climate change (such as
  burning hydrocarbons, greenhouse effect,
• and deforestation).
• EEn.2.6.4 Attribute changes to Earths systems to
  global climate change (temperature change,
  changes in pH of ocean, sea level
• changes, etc.).

3
Atmospheric composition

• Structure and processes

4
Assignment!

• Create a chart for the next 2 weeks (Dec 20th
  will be the last day)
• Each day we will observe the cloud types during
  your class
• We will record the cloud types along with the
  weather each day
• If the weather changes during the day it is
  your responsibility to change / add to the
  weather for that day
• You will write a brief conclusion at the end
  stating if you see a difference in the weather
  depending on the cloud type

5
Brief Review

• What was the composition of the original
  atmosphere like?
• What evolved on Earth that drastically changed
  the composition?
• How did these organisms change the composition of
  Earths atmosphere?

Mostly methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia.
Deadly to living organisms today
Plants
Drastically increased the oxygen content
6
What is the structure of the atmosphere?

• 4 layers from bottom to top
• last layer sometimes divided in half to make 5
• Troposphere lowest layer, weather happens here
• Stratosphere next layer up, jets fly here,
  ozone found here
• Mesosphere meteors burn up here
• Thermosphere hottest layer, space stations here
• Ionosphere where auroras take place
• Exosphere outer layer, space stations

7
How are layers divided?

• According to temperature trends
• Each layer is separated by a pause
• Tropopause between troposphere and stratosphere
  etc
• What happens to the temperature in each layer of
  the atmosphere?
• Troposphere temp decreases
• Stratosphere temp increases
• Mesosphere temp decreases
• Thermosphere temp increases

8
What is the atmosphere made of?

• Mostly nitrogen (N) about 78
• Oxygen (O) about 21
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2) about .03

9
Remember radiant energy?

• Comes from the sun
• In many forms
• Represented by the electromagnetic spectrum!
• When it comes in contact with the ionosphere it
  can often create light shows called
  _________________.

auroras
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Assignment!

• Draw the atmosphere on your own!
• You will need
• Large paper
• Colored pencils
• To label each layer
• Draw an arrow at the bottom pointing to the right
  and label it temperature
• Draw an arrow to the left side pointing up and
  label it altitude
• Add ground
• Label each layer of the atmosphere (place the
  ozone layer where it goes in green)
• Draw a continuous line up your paper through each
  layer to indicate how the temperature changes
  with elevation
• Add in a picture in each layer to indicate what
  is special about it
• Turn in

12
Assignment!

• Layers of the atmosphere worksheet
• Turn in when finished

13
How does air move?

• In large pockets called air masses
• Air masses move based on pressure
• High pressure systems move toward low pressure
  systems (high ? low)

14
How do air masses affect weather?

• They pick up the characteristics of the area in
  which they form
• They are very large (up to 1600km) making weather
  fairly consistent
• They carry temperature and moisture over the area
  where they are moving

15
How are air masses classified?

• Overall temperature
• Where they formed
• 4 major types
• Polar cold temps
• Tropical warm temps
• Continental dry air
• Maritime wet air (high water vapor content)
• Arctic very cold and dry
• Type of air mass will consist of 2 words

16
What kind of air masses influence North American
weather?

• Mostly influenced by maritime tropical (mT) and
  continental polar (cP)
• air masses

17
What are continental polar air masses like?

• Cold dry winters
• Cool dry summers
• Not associated with precipitation
• Subject to the lake effect when crossing the
  Great Lakes
• Pick up moisture from the Great Lakes and may
  bring some precipitation

18
What are maritime tropical air masses like?

• Warm and loaded with moisture
• Usually unstable
• Source of most precipitation in the Eastern US

19
What are maritime polar air masses like?

• Come from the North Pacific
• Cold and dry turns into mild and humid
• Unstable
• Accompanied by low clouds and showers snow in
  mountains

20
What are continental tropical air masses like?

• Least influence in North America
• Hot and dry
• Only occasionally affect weather outside their
  source region

21
How do air masses move again?

• Air pressure
• Exerted in all directions
• Object pushes back on the air with exactly the
  same force
• Measured using a barometer
• Typical air pressure
• 1 atmosphere (ATM)
• 760 mm Hg (mercury)
• 980 millibars
• weather and air pressure

22
How does pressure affect air masses?
low
high

• Air masses move from ____________ ? ____________
  pressure
• Causes wind
• Unequal heating of Earth creates pressure
  differentials
• How does land heat up compared to water?
• Solar radiation is the ultimate source of wind
• 3 factors
• Pressure
• Coriolis effect
• friction

23
Assignment!

• Build a barometer
• You will need
• A beaker
• A balloon
• A rubber band
• A sheet of notebook paper
• A pencil
• Well check your barometer daily and compare it
  to actual barometric pressure

24
Fronts

• Come back to back

25
How can we tell where air masses are going?

• Look for pressure
• Red H is high pressure
• Blue L is low pressure
• Sometimes pressure is shown on maps in isobars,
  similar to isotherms
• Iso means equal
• Isobars are lines showing equal pressure

26
High Pressure Low Pressure
Type of phenomenon Weather system Weather system
Determined by Changes in air pressure Changes in air pressure
Moving inward on isobars Pressure Increases Pressure Decreases
Density of air Higher Lower
Representation on a map H (typically blue) L (typically red)
Motion of air Clockwise, air sinks Counterclockwise, air rises
Also known as Anticyclone Cyclone
Motion of air causes a zone of Divergence Convergence
Stability of atmosphere Stable Unstable
27
What is weather like in a high pressure system?

• Sunny
• Clear
• Dry
• High day and low night temperatures
• Calm
• Dew and frost
• Fog and mist
• Stable sinking air

28
What is weather like in a low pressure system?

• Cloudy
• Little sun
• Wet
• Mild temperatures for the time of year
• Windy
• Changeable weather
• Unstable rising air

29
What is the difference in a cyclone and an
anticyclone?

• Anticyclones

• Cyclones

• High pressure
• Air pushes together and sinks
• Spin
• Clockwise in northern hemisphere
• Counterclockwise in southern

• Low pressure
• Air rises and separates
• Spin
• Counterclockwise in northern
• Clockwise in southern

30
A
C
D
B
D
31
What is a front?

• The area where 2 air masses meet
• 4 kinds of fronts
• Warm front
• Cold front
• Stationary front
• Occluded front
• Each front has a symbol
• Side of the line the symbols are on indicate
  direction of movement

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What does each front mean?

• Warm front warm air is replacing cold air
• Cold front cold air is replacing warm air
• Stationary front air masses are not moving due
  to similar pressures
• Occluded front warm air is pushed up due to
  cold air moving in from both directions
• front animation

34
What happens when cold and warm air meet?

• Cold air sinks and warm air rises
• Warm air carries moisture
• Moisture condenses
• Clouds form
• Once air is saturated with moisture,
  precipitation in some form occurs

35
What happens before and after a warm front?

• Before

• After

• Cool or cold temps
• Falling barometer
• Increasing, thickening clouds
• Light to moderate precipitation
• Temp and dew point get closer together

• Warm and more humid
• Clearing clouds
• Rising barometer
• Temp and dew point are close

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38
What is dewpoint?

• The temperature at which air is saturated enough
  for water to condense
• High dewpoint temperature and dewpoint are
  close together
• Low dewpoint temperature and dewpoint are far
  apart
• ALWAYS a dewpoint

39
What happens before and after cold fronts?

• Before

• After

• Warm
• Falling barometer
• Increasing clouds
• Short period of precipitation
• Temp and dew point close together

• Lower temps
• Rising pressure
• Showers then clearing skies
• Temp and dewpoint get further apart

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42
What to expect from a stationary front?

• Changing winds and temperatures when crossing
  from one side of the front to the other
• Similar pressure in air masses keeps them from
  moving

43
What can you expect from an occluded front?

• Developing cyclones usually have a warm front and
  a faster moving cold front to wrap around them
• Occluded fronts form when cold air catches up to
  a warm front that is trapped behind a cold front
  already in place
• Change in temp, dewpoint, or wind possible

jet stream
44
Assignment!

• Predicting weather
• Edheads weather prediction
• Well do this as a group

45
Assignment!

• Complete the forecasting weather map worksheet
• Put in the box when you are finished

46
Clouds

• How they form and what they mean

47
What happens as water evaporates?

• Humidity the amount of water in the air
• Amount of water vapor increases higher humidity
• Air pressure increases as amount of water vapor
  increases
• Air is saturated when water entering air water
  returning to surface
• Warm air contains more vapor than cold air

48
How is humidity measured?

• Using a hygrometer
• Relative humidity ratio of actual amount of
  water in the air compared to the amount of water
  air can hold at that temperature and pressure
• If amount of water vapor is constant, what will
  happen to the humidity if you raise the
  temperature? Lower it?

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50
So how do clouds form?

• Temperature can change without heat input or loss
• These changes are called adiabatic temperature
  changes
• Happens when air is compressed or expanded
• Expansion cools
• Compression warms

51
What happens to air and vapor as it rises?

• Overall, air resists lifting
• 4 factors make air light enough to be lifted
• Oographic lifting
• Frontal wedging
• Convergence
• Localized convective lifting

52
What is oographic lifting?

• Elevated terrain blocks air from moving forcing
  it to go up and over
• Causes the rainshadow effect
• Wettest places on the windward side of mountain
• Lifting air reaches dew point and condenses ?
  clouds form ? air is pushed higher and forced to
  release moisture as precipitation
• By the time air gets to the other side of the
  mountain the moisture has mostly been lost

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54
What is frontal wedging?

• Air masses collide in flatter areas
• Area between two air masses is a front
• Cooler air sinks and warmer air rises ? condenses
  ? forms clouds

55
Brief Review

• What is a front?
• What are the 4 different types of fronts?
• Draw each front as it appears on a weather map.
• How does weather change as each front moves
  through?

56
What is convergence?

• Air in lower atmosphere collides together and is
  forced upward
• Air converging from 2 different directions must
  go somewhere, down is not an option
• Example
• Ocean winds blow toward the shore
• In Florida, this happens on both sides of the
  state so air flows together
• Produces many afternoon storms

57
What is localized convective lifting?

• Due to unequal heating of Earths surface
• Causes pockets of air to be warmer than
  surrounding air
• Example parking lots
• Warm air will rise creating thermals
• Birds and hang-gliders use these to glide higher
  with less energy
• Warm air rises ? reaches dewpoint ? clouds form

58
Assignment!

• Answer questions 1-7 on page 516 in your textbook
• Use the chapter and your note sheets to help you
  answer the questions
• Turn in when you are finished

59
What is the difference in stable and unstable air?

• Air is forced to rise and its temperature is
  lowered by expansion
• Cooler air sinks to its original position
  stable
• If it does not sink to its original position
  unstable
• Bad weather
• stable vs. unstable air

60
Whats the difference in stable and unstable air
rising?

• Stable air resists vertical movement but some
  factors force it to rise
• What are the 4 things that can make air rise?
• When stable air rises clouds are widespread and
  thin
• Unstable air rising clouds are thick and cover
  a small area
• thunderstorms

61
What makes air density different?

• Temperature
• Warm rises
• Like hot air balloons
• Cool sinks
• Elevation
• High air is less dense
• Particles far apart
• Low air is more dense
• Particles close together

62
How does water condense to make clouds?

• Usually a surface for cooling water to condense
  on
• Bacteria
• Small particles dust, soot, particles of
  pollution
• Small surfaces are called condensation nuclei

63
Assignment!

• Hurricane sheet
• Read through the packet and answer the questions
• Honors - choose 1 of the following
• write a realistic fictional story about a
  hurricane or tornado
• Create a tri-fold brochure on hurricane safety
• Use graph paper to create a bar graph showing the
  20 strongest hurricanes on record

64
Cloud types
65
How are clouds categorized?

• Based on height and form
• 3 main types
• Stratus
• Cumulus
• Cirrus

66
What are cirrus clouds?

• High, white, and thin
• Patches or wispy fibers may appear feathery
• 3 types
• Cirrus
• Cirrostratus flat layers
• Cirrocumulus fluffy masses
• Usually signify nice weather
• When replaced by cirrocumulus clouds and
  increased coverage sign of bad weather
  approaching

67
What are cumulus clouds?

• Piles of clouds
• Rounded cloud masses
• Normally with flat base in domes or towers
• middle clouds
• 2 other types of middle clouds
• Alto prefix meaning middle
• Altocumulus rounded masses that are larger and
  more dense than cirrocumulus
• Altonimbus uniform white greyish sheet, sun
  or moon visible as a bright spot
• Often snow or rain accompany these

68
What are stratus clouds?

• Low clouds
• Sheets or layers
• No distinctive cloud masses
• 2 other types of low clouds
• Stratocumulus long parallel with a rolling
  bottom
• Nimbostratus main precipitation markers form in
  stable conditions

69
Are there any clouds that reach through several
cloud layers?

• Low bottoms with tops that reach into the high
  regions
• From unstable air
• Cumulonimbus
• Usually grown from cumulus clouds and signify
  storms

70
Do clouds ever touch the ground?

• Fog is a cloud with its base on or near the
  ground
• No physical difference with any other cloud
• Difference is in placement and formation
• Usually the result of warm air moving over a
  cooled surface
• Can form when cool air moves over warm water
  steamy appearance
• Forms when enough water vapor brings about
  saturation

71
How does precipitation form in cold clouds?

• Supercooling and supersaturation Bergeron
  process
• Cloud droplets do not freeze at 0C, instead it
  must be about -40C - supercooled
• Freezing nuclei cause water droplets to freeze
• Greater than 100 humidity supersaturated
• Ice and water cannot exist together in clouds
• Evaporating water quickly produces snowflakes or
  ice

72
How does precipitation form in warm clouds?

• Rainfall in clouds is well below freezing even
  in tropics
• Collision coalescence process water absorbing
  particles remove moisture forming large droplets
• Drops collide and mix with smaller slower droplets

73
Does ice form in warm clouds?

• Hail
• Forms in cumulonimbus clouds
• Starts small
• Updrafts carry hail through supercooled layers
  repeatedly
• Forms layers

74
Assignment!

• Cloud types and formation worksheet
• Turn in when you finish

75
Climate and Climate Change

• Something wicked this way comes...

76
Group Assignment!

• Each group will be assigned 2 topics
• 1 natural source of climate change
• 1 human induced source of climate change
• Create a poster
• Tell what each source is
• What do they do to cause climate change
• 3 ways to counteract the effects of natural
  climate change
• 3 ways to reduce impact from the human induced
  problems
• What additional problems does this cause for the
  biosphere (at least 2)
• Due the day before test day (Dec 19)

77
What is the difference in climate and weather?

• Weather
• State of the atmosphere at a given time
• What atmospheric layer does this happen in?

• Climate
• Average weather patterns over a LONG period of
  time

78
How is climate classified?

• Köppen classification
• 3 major climate systems
• Temperate
• Tropical
• polar

79
What is a temperate climate?

• Moderate changes between seasons
• Distinct summers and winters
• Between 20 and 65 degrees north and south of the
  equator

80
What is a tropical climate?

• Constant warm temperatures with high
  precipitation
• Around the equator between 0 and 25 degrees

81
What is a polar climate?

• Constant cold temperatures
• 24 hours of daylight in summer and 24 hours of
  dark in winter
• Treeless tundras or glaciers

82
How are humans causing climate change?

• Burning fossil fuels and cutting down trees
  increases gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon
  monoxide, and ammonia in the atmosphere
• These gases act as a blanket and retain radiation
  from the sun in the form of heat the greenhouse
  effect
• Gases responsible for this effect are greenhouse
  gases
• Some CO2 is necessary to keep Earth warm enough
  for life

greenhouse effect - Futurama
83
Isnt CO2 absorbed by the ocean?

• Yes by diffusion
• Some of this carbon reacts with water to form
  weak carbonic acid
• Makes the shells of marine creatures thinner
• Increases vulnerability
• Decreases our food source
• How will increased CO2 affect sea level?

84
Are there natural phenomena that cause climate
change?

• Yes
• Sunspots
• Volcanic activity
• El Niño and La Niña
• Shifts in orbit
• Naturally fluctuating CO2 levels

85
How do sunspots cause climate change?

• Controversial
• Sunspots are dark spots on the surface of the sun
• Increase in sunspots correlates to an increase in
  temperature and vise versa
• Spots are cooler spots in the sun and area around
  them warms to make up for the difference
• Less spots more solar wind more clouds less
  sun hitting Earth

86
How do volcanic eruptions cause climate change?

• Massive amounts of gas, ash, and aerosol released
  into the atmosphere
• Ash falls rapidly
• Gas stays in the upper atmosphere
• Sulfer dioxide reflects light back into space
  causes cooling
• CO2 causes warming greenhouse effect

87
How do El Niño and La Niña influence climate
change?

• What are trade winds like in a typical year on
  the western coast of continents?
• What do these winds do to warm water?
• Temporary change in Pacific Ocean around the
  equator
• Affects Northern hemispheres winter
• Area of typical thunderstorms moves eastward
• Due to a reduction of upwelling in the eastern
  ocean

88
What about La Niña?

• Opposite of El Niño
• Caused by cooler surface temperatures

89
What are the results of El Niño?

• Wet winters in southeast US
• Droughts in Indonesia and Australia
• Weaker winds to further reduce upwelling and
  cause El Niño to grow positive feedback
• Irregular but generally happen every 3-7 years

90
How does a shift in Earths orbit produce climate
change?

• What is precession? How does it affect climate?
• What is nutation? How does it affect climate?
• Eccentricity distance between Earth and Sun
• Varies slightly as the barycenter of the sun
  changes position
• Long term effects triggers beginnings and ends
  of ice ages

91
How does CO2 fluctuation change climate?

• Higher levels of CO2 contribute to the greenhouse
  effect
• Higher levels higher temperatures
• Natural as well as human influenced
• Volcanoes and burning fossil fuels
• Seasonal higher levels in the winter why?

92
Do gases do anything else to affect climate?

• Some dissolve easily in water to make acid rain
• Nitrogen oxide
• Sulfur dioxide
• Can be carried far by winds and affect areas far
  away from where it developed

93
Are there any other human affects on our
atmosphere?

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) only created by
  humans, found in old aerosol cans (hairspray
  etc)
• Destroy ozone
• 1 CFC can destroy thousands of ozone particles
• No longer used or made in America
• Created a large hole in ozone over Antarctica
  conditions here have begun to improve

94
What are aerosols and what do they do?

• Small particles suspended in the atmosphere
• In high amounts they can scatter sunlight and
  prevent it from reaching Earth
• Common in any aerosol can (hair spray, cool whip,
  can cheese etc)
• Also natural volcanoes, meteors

95
How is climate change affecting the biosphere?

• If the climate warms faster than organisms can
  adapt to it they will become extinct
• Mass extinction if we lose many species within a
  few centuries
• Ecosystems will lose balance as organisms die
• Insects are able to migrate to higher elevations
  mosquitos
• Agriculture will become difficult as weather
  warms and rains decrease

96
What can you do to stop climate change?

• Decrease dependence on fossil fuels
• Walk or ride a bike
• Eat seasonal or locally grown produce
• Eat less meat
• Be energy efficient turn off lights/water
• Choose renewable power
• Recycle reduce reuse
• Travel less
• Stay informed
• Stay involved
• Support and donate to politicians who are in
  favor for environmental regulations

97
Game board review

• Create a game board using each topic in the game
  board
• You will need at least 4 game pieces to play
• Incorporate spaces that will send you ahead or
  back in the game
• Example, land on a volcanic eruption and go back
  5 spaces land on wind turbines and go forward 5
  spaces
• Lose a turn spaces only get off if you answer a
  question etc
• Question cards
• To be answered before you can move ahead in the
  game give each card a number of spaces to go
  forward if answered correctly

98
Resources

• http//www.vtaide.com/png/atmosphere.htm
• http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/99826/
• http//www.ux1.eiu.edu/cfjps/1400/atmos_origin.ht
  ml
• http//www.yorku.ca/eye/spectru.htm
• http//earth.usc.edu/stott/Catalina/WeatherPatter
  ns.html
• http//www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/synoptic/airmass
  .htm
• http//capone.mtsu.edu/cdharris/GEOL100/weather/wt
  hr-sum11.htm
• http//apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/cha
  pter11/mp.html
• http//hendrix2.uoregon.edu/imamura/102/section2/
  chapter13.html
• http//weather.about.com/od/imagegallery/ig/Weathe
  r-Image-of-the-Day/Barometer-Diagram.htm
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vI0C4QR0OEH0
• http//www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/0087-win
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• https//www.umass.edu/newsoffice/article/portugues
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• http//cosscience1.pbworks.com/w/page/8286084/Less
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99
Resources

• http//www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/0070-adi
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• https//www.google.com/search?qadiabatictemperat
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• http//web.gccaz.edu/lnewman/gph111/topic_units/m
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• http//www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/tbw/wc.notes
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• http//apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/cha
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• http//jobspapa.com/localized-convective-lifting.h
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• http//www.greenheck.com/library/articles/12
• http//tripwow.tripadvisor.com/slideshow-photo/thu
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  2fidtp-7
• http//forums.x-plane.org/?showtopic63387
• http//ed101.bu.edu/StudentDoc/Archives/ED101fa06/
  angelad/clouds.html
• http//www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/c
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• http//weather.ou.edu/smglenn/clouds.html
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• http//www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/c
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• http//www.nauticed.org/sailingcourses/view/weathe
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100
Resources

• http//www.weather-climate.org.uk/13.php
• http//www.klccconventioncentre.com/Malaysia-_at_-Cli
  mate.aspx
• http//madmikesamerica.com/2012/03/climate-change-
  something-wicked-this-way-comes-2/
• http//www.earthtimes.org/climate/north-south-pola
  r-ecology-racking-embargoed/1235/
• http//florida.sierraclub.org/miami/clim_GEGW.asp
• http//www.bbc.co.uk/science/earth/natural_disaste
  rs/volcano
• http//jersey.uoregon.edu/imamura/122/lecture-3/s
  tellar_spectra.html
• http//www.egu.eu/medialibrary/image/14/karymsky-v
  olcano-2004/
• http//www.gma.org/surfing/weather/elnino.html
• http//www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/
  2008/lanina.html
• http//www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/la-nina
  /38971
• http//oceanworld.tamu.edu/students/iceage/iceage2
  .htm
• http//www.louisg.net/astronomie.htm
• http//johncarlosbaez.wordpress.com/2011/02/04/car
  bon-dioxide-puzzles/
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v2taViFH_6_Y
• http//www.tokresource.org/tok_classes/enviro/syll
  abus_content/5.8_acid_deposition/index.htm
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion
• http//climatechange.wikispaces.com/5.Aerosols
• http//mcbi.marine-conservation.org/what/ocean_aci
  dification.htm