Warm-up 1/9:

1
Warm-up 1/9

• Finish Pedigree Worksheet 11-16
• Turn in LAB from Yesterday with Karyotype Stapled
  to written section.

2
Warm-up 1/9

• What is a clone?
• What do you think a DNA Finger Print is?
• Biotech Quest Quiz Tuesday 1/14

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Biotechnology Notes

• Chapter 9

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Biotechnology

• Scientist change an organisms DNA to give it new
  traits.
• Possible because all organisms have the same
  Genetic Code

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What are the benefits?

• Insert needed gene into an organism
• Make better vegetables/fruits
• Identify a suspect
• Increase biodiversity

6
Restrictive Enzymes

• Cuts DNA
• Act like molecular scissors
• Lets scientist take out and insert a new gene

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Restrictive Enzyme

• Different restrictive enzymes cut in different
  places
• They recognize nucleotides between 4 and 8 bases
  long

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Restrictive Enzymes

• Some cut straight and make blunt ends
• Some cut staggered and make sticky ends

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Gel electrophoresis

• Uses an electrical current to separate DNA
  sequences that were cut by restrictive enzymes.

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Gel electrophoresis

• Electrical currents pull the pieces through a gel
• Smaller fragments can move faster farther than
  longer fragments

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Gel electrophoresis

• Each piece creates a band on the gel
• Creates a DNA fingerprint
• Everyone has their own unique DNA fingerprint

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DNA Fingerprinting

• Made by restrictive enzymes and gel
  electrophoresis
• What is it used for?
• Paternity tests
• Evidence in criminal cases
• Studying biodiversity

13

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14
Plasmid

• loops of DNA in bacteria
• restriction enzymes cut plasmid and foreign DNA
• foreign gene inserted into plasmid

15
Recombinant DNA

• Contains genes from more than one organism

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Transgenic Organism

• Has one or more genes inserted in its DNA
• Has recombinant DNA

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Transgenic Organism

• Transgenic bacteria used to make human protein
• Gene inserted into plasmid
• Plasmid inserted into bacteria
• Bacteria makes the protein the gene coded for

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Uses of Transgenic Organisms

• Transgenic plants used in agriculture
• Creates crops resistant to frost, diseases, and
  insects
• Food produced more quickly and cheaply

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Uses of Transgenic Organism

• Transgenic animals
• Used to study diseases and gene functions.

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Concerns about Genetic Engineering

• possible long-term health effects of eating GM
  foods
• possible effects of GM plants on ecosystems and
  biodiversity

21
Class work

• Vocabulary Chart

22
Cloning Gene Therapy Notes
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Genetic Screening

• Test DNA to detect genetic diseases

• determines risk of havingor passing on a
  geneticdisorder
• can detect genesrelated to an increasedrisk of
  cancer
• can detect some genesknown to cause
  geneticdisorders

24
Gene Therapy

• Is the replacement of faulty genes

• Gene therapy replaces defective or missing genes,
  or adds new genes, to treat a disease.

25
Gene Therapy

• Has many technical difficulties
• Inserting gene into correct cell
• Determining effect on other genes
• Only way to cure genetic disease is to change the
  affected DNA

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Cloning

• A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene
  or of an organism.

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Cloning

• Cloning occurs in nature.

• bacteria (binary fission)
• some simple animals (budding, regeneration)
• Identical twins

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Cloning

• Mammals can be cloned through a process called
  nuclear transfer.

• nucleus is removed from an egg cell
• nucleus of a cell from the animal to be cloned is
  implanted in the egg

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Benefits of Cloning

• Human organ transplants
• Save endangered species

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Concerns of Cloning

• Low success rate
• Clones less healthy than original
• Ethical controversy

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Jurassic park