Written Final Review

1
Written Final Review
2
What are similarities and differences between
chloroplasts and mitochondria?

• Mitochondria

Chloroplast
What kind of cell is it present in?
Both plant and animal cells.
Plant cells only.
What process takes place here?
Cellular respiration
Photosynthesis
What are three parts or components?

1. DNA
2. Matrix
3. Cristae

1. Thylakoids
2. Stroma
3. Chlorophyll

3
What are similarities and differences between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

• Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes
Bacteria and Archaea
Type of organism that has these cells?
Plants and Animals
Organelles Present?
No
Yes
Nucleus Present?
No
Yes
Unicellular?
All the time
Sometimes
Multicellular?
Never
Most of the time
4
Draw, Label, and describe the cell cycle

• G1
• Cell grows
• During G0, the cell does its job and either never
  or rarely divides
• S
• Cell replicates its DNA
• G2
• Cell grows again
• ALL of these are INTERPHASE!

5
Why do cells divide?

• Mitosis
• Cells undergo mitotic division to repair damage
  or to help an organism grow.
• For example You are riding your bike and totally
  biff it! Now, your hands and forearms are
  completely stripped of skin, and a scab forms.
  Beneath that scab, cells are undergoing mitotic
  division to replace the damaged or missing skin.
• For example A male moose has to have large
  antlers to impress the ladies. His cells undergo
  mitotic division to help him grow manly antlers
  for mating season!
• Meiosis
• Cells undergo meiosis to increase genetic
  diversity in the population.
• For example Because your parents produced
  gametes made during meiosis, you will NEVER be
  exactly like your mom or dad! Whew!

6
What are the similarities and differences between
photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

• Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration
Organelle for Process
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Reactants
CO2 and H2O
Sugar (C6H12O6) and O2
Electron Transport Chain location
Proteins in the chloroplast (thylakoids)
Proteins in the mitochondria (matrix)
Cycle of Chemical Reactions
Calvin Cycle builds the sugar molecule (C6H12O6)
Krebs Cycle breaks down the sugar molecule
(C6H12O6)
Products
Sugar (C6H12O6) and O2
CO2 and H2O
Chemical equation
CO2 H2O C6H12O6 O2
C6H12O6 O2 CO2 H2O
Type of organim that undergoes process
Plants
Plants and Animals
7
What are the four types of carbon-based molecules?

• Carbon-Based Molecule

What structures in the cell are they a part of?
What are the momomers?
What are the polymers?
Nucleic Acids
In the nucleus
nucleotides
DNA
Proteins
Transport proteins in the cell membrane
Amino acids
Leucine (protein)
Lipids
Makes up the majority of the cell membrane
triglycerides
Phospholipids
Identification chains on the cell membrane
monosaccharides
cellulose
Carbohydrates
8
What do all the carbon-based molecules have in
common?

• All carbon-based molecules have carbon!
• Carbon makes all of these molecules organic in
  nature.
• All carbon-based molecules are necessary for
  life.
• All living organisms require the four
  carbon-based molecules to form components of
  their cells.

9
What is the difference between a hypotonic and
hypertonic solution?

• Hypotonic
• Solute concentration outside the cell is LOWER
  than solute concentration inside the cell.
• Water is moving INSIDE the cell
• Cell swells and burst
• cytolysis
• Hypertonic
• Solute concentration outside the cell is HIGHER
  than solute concentration inside the cell.
• Water is moving OUTSIDE the cell.
• Cell shrinks
• plasmolysis

10
What is the difference between active and passive
transport?

• Passive Transport
• Simple diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion
• Does not require energy.
• Molecules move DOWN the concentration gradient
  from high to low concentration.
• People getting off a crowded train!
• Active Transport
• Requires Energy (ATP)
• Molecules are pushed AGAINST the concentration
  gradient from low to high concentration.
• Think about the people getting pushed onto a
  crowded train!

11
What is selective permeability?

• Selective permeability is where only some
  substances can cross a semi-permeable barrier.
• For example When you strain coffee in a filter,
  the coffee grinds dont go through but the water
  does. This is selective permeability.
• In cells, selective permeability is achieved by
  the cell membrane!
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a
  selectively-permeable membrane.
• Other substances, depending on their polarity
  (positive or negative charges) and size, may or
  may not easily pass through the cell membrane.

12
Scenario

• Hunters on the planet Nefarious have started to
  complain to the Intergalactic Wildlife Foundation
  (IWF) that there has been a dramatic increase in
  the number of mutated Mountain Elkdeer since the
  IWF began gold mining in the high altitude
  environments.
• Gold mining results in mercury leaching into the
  soil and water, greatly contaminating it.
  Mountain Elkdeer breed in high altitude
  environments and drink from the streams there. A
  close cousin, the Plains Elkdeer, breed in low
  altitude and drink from lake water, and show no
  mutations. The IWF suspects that the mercury in
  the soil is causing newborn Mountain Elkdeer to
  become mutated.
• If you were a member IWF, how would you set up an
  experiment to test this?

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what would your procedure be?

• This experiment would have to take place in the
  field.
• 1. Make yearly observations of both the Mountain
  Elkdeer and the Plains Elkdeer populations for
  5-10 years.
• 2. Establish total population numbers for each
  species per year.
• 3. Count the number of mutants occurring in each
  population.
• 4. Compute the average of mutated vs. normal
  elkdeer in each population.

14
What characteristic, other than location, is
different between the two populations of elkdeer?

• The Mountain Elkdeer are exposed to mercury
  tainted water.
• The Plains Elkdeer are drinking clean water.

15
What did the hunters observe about the Mountain
Elkdeer?

• The hunters had observed a large amount of
  mutated Mountain Elkdeer in areas near gold
  mining operations.

16
As a member of the IWF, what would your
hypothesis be?

• The hypothesis would be
• IF Mountain Elkdeer drink mercury tainted water,
  THEN they will become mutated.

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What would your independent variable be?

• The independent variable is something that the
  experimenter can manipulate.
• In this experiment, the independent variable
  would be the mercury tainted water.

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What would your dependent variable be?

• The dependent variable is something the
  experimenter will measure!
• In this experiment, the scientists are measuring
  the rates of mutation in Mountain Elkdeer.

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What controls would you have?

• The Plains Elkdeer drinking regular water, will
  be the control of this experiment.
• They are not receiving the independent variable
  (the mercury tainted water) and will establish
  how normal elkdeer are.

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What constants would you have?

• This experiment is taking place in the field, so
  constants would be difficult to establish.
• However, they may be
• The use of elkdeer for both the experimental and
  control groups.
• Both groups will be exposed to a water source.
• Same observer
• Count at the same time of year

21
What is the relationship between the type of
elkdeer and mutations?

• The Mountain Elkdeer, because they breed at high
  altitude and thus are exposed to the mercury
  tainted water, are more prone to mutations than
  the Plains Elkdeer.