SORGHUM ????? ???????

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SORGHUM ????? ???????
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SORGHUM THE HARDY PLANT SOME FACTS
Sorghum is grown in warm or hot regions that
have summer rain-fall, even if rainfall is as low
as 400-600 mm. The most favorable mean
temperature is about 37oC. The minimum
temperature for growth is 15oC. The sorghum
plants seems to withstand extreme heat better
than other crops. Sorghum is practically dormant
during periods of drought but resume growth as
soon as there is sufficient water to wet the soil
. This characteristic accounts in large part for
the success of sorghum in a dry season As
compared with corn of similar seasonal
requirements , sorghum has more roots and a
smaller leaf area per plant . A waxy cuticle
retards drying. Sorghum is grown successful on
all types of soil. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???
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????? ??????? Botanical description
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• Sorghum belongs to the family Graminea. Sorghum
  is a coarse grass with grows 0.5 to 5.0 meters in
  height. A leaf arises at each node. Crown buds
  give rise to tillers
• The total number of leaves on the main stalks ,
  including those formed during the seedling stages
  , averaged 16 to 27 per stalk . Early maturing
  varieties have few leaves and consequently are
  limited in plant yield .
• The sorghum inflorescence is a loose to dense
  panicle having many primary branches borne on a
  hairy axis

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Cultivation ???????

• Seedbed preparation ????? ?????
• Irrigation ????
• Hydrocyanic poisoning ??? ?????????????
• Planting density ??????? ????????
• Weed control ?????? ???????
• Use of fertilizers ??????? ???????
• Harvesting ??????
• Ratooning ??????
• Rotations?????? ????????

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Seedbed cultivation

• Moldboard plowing is common practice for seedbed
  preparation in humid and irrigated areas.
• The yields may be increased from 25 to 30 by
  thorough tillage of medium heavy soils.
• Weed control before planting is desirable.
• Most of the fields in the semiarid region are
  tilled by stubble mulch.

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30 . ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????
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Irrigation

• From 50 to 60 cm of water consisting of stored
  soil moisture, rainfall and irrigation is
  required for a maximum yield of sorghum . Of this
  amount ,some 20 to 50 cm of water must be
  supplied by irrigation in the sub humid ,
  semiarid and arid regions .Preplanting irrigation
  wets the soil to its field-carrying capacity to a
  depth of 180 to 200 cm will reduce the number of
  summer irrigations . The maximum water usage is
  during the boot stage of plant growth when 2.5 cm
  of water is consumed during 3 or 4 days. Yield
  may more than double on providing additional
  spate irrigation turns as the plant is no
  longer stressed.

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?? 500 ??? 600 ?? , ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????
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??????? ??? ????? 180 -200 ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????
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Hydrocyanic Acid Poisoning

• Young plants including the roots and especially
  the leaves of sorghum contain a glucoside, which
  upon breaking down releases the poisonous
  hydrocyanic acid (HCN).
• Losses of cattle, sheep and goats occur each
  year from sorghum poisoning when they graze upon
  the green plants. Small plants, and young
  branches and tillers are high in hydrocyanic
  acid.

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Planting density

• Sorghum for grain, fodder or silage is usually
  planted in rows 0.5 to 1.0 meters apart. A
  sorghum planter or other types of row planters
  with special sorghum seed plates can work
  satisfactory.
• The amount of seed to plant per hectare depends
  upon the condition of the seed size and weather
  conditions at seeding time.

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Weed control

• From two to four cultivations are required to
  control the weeds in sorghum that is planted in
  rows.
• Fewer cultivations are required when the sorghum
  is planted in furrows.
• Weed control with herbicides is less satisfactory
  in sorghum than in maize for instance, because
  the sorghum plants are more sensitive to the
  chemicals.

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Use of fertilizers
In semi-arid areas sorghum responds strongly to
applications of farm yard manure or
nitrogen. ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????
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Harvesting
Cut the plants at ground level and laid them on
the ground between the rows. Leave the cut plants
for 4-5 days to dry up. This conserves soil
moisture to be used use by the ratooned crop.
If the plants are left on the ground for longer
period, the grains will start to change color
and develop an unpleasant smell. Cut off the ear
heads and transport to the threshing ground.
Leave there there for 1-2 weeks, until the plant
is dry enough to be threshed easily.
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  10-15 ???
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  ?????? .
• Sorghum is harvested when the crop is matured ,
• but not when it is fully dry . This is done to
  allow
• enough time for the ratoon crop develop . So
  some
• farmers harvest the main crop 10- 15 days ahead
  of the normal harvesting time .

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The process of harvesting is cut the plants
at ground level and laid them on the ground
between the rows left the laid plants for 4-5
days to dry up . This conserves soil moisture to
use by crop ratoon . If the plants are left on
the ground for longer period , the grains started
to change color and develop an unpleasant smell
. cut off the ear heads and transport to
threshing ground , and leave there for 1- 2 weeks
until they are dry enough to be threshed easily
.
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????? ??????RATOONING

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  ?? ??????
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  ??????.
• ??? ????? ?????? ???20 -30 ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??
  ??? ???????
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  ??????? ?????? .
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  . ??? ????? ???????
• Crop ratooning is highly practiced in the spate
  irrigation. It has short growing period
  requirement ( 20 -30 days).
• Ratoon yields are lower than the first yield
  (30). Sometimes a second ratoon is also
  harvested often for fodder only. Varieties are
  selected on their capacity to ratoon.

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Rotations
Sorghum follows other crops readily, but care
should be exercised in the choice of the crop to
follow sorghum .
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??????? Livestock

• Close link with livestock
• Fodder
• Tilling land
• Construction and maintenance of structures and
  field bunds
• Transport
• Money deposit (buy in good year, sell in bad
  year)
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  ????? ??????
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