Title: ????(chemotherapy)
1 2- ????(chemotherapy)
- ????
- ??????????????
- ????
- ?????
- ????
3????????????????????
4???????????
- ??? ????????,??????
- ??????????
- ???(antibiotics) ?????????,
- ?????,??????????????
- ????????????????
- ???(antibacterial spectrum) ???
- ??????????????
- ????(antibacterialactivity) ???
- ??????????
5- ??????(minimal inhibitory
- concentration,MIC) ????????
- ???????????
- ???(bacteriostatic) ???????
- ????????????????
- ??????(minimal bactericidal
- concentration,MBC)????????
- ?????????
- ???(bactericide) ????????
- ?,??????????
-
6- ????(chemotherapeutic index) ?
- ???????????????????
- ????,????????? LD50/ ED50
- ? LD5/ ED95??????
- ?????(post antibiotic effect,PAE)
7???????????
- 1.?????????
- 2.????????
- 3.???????
- 4.?????????
8????????
- ???(resistance,?????)
- ??
- 1.?????(intrinsic resistance)
- 2. ?????(acquired resistance)
9?-???????
- ????
- ????
- ?????
- ??ß-????
- ß-???????
- ß-???????????
10- ??????????(penicillin
- binding proteins,PBPs),???????
- ????????????????
- ??????????(autolysins)?
- ?????????
- PBPs????????????????????,????????????????????,
???????????????
11- ?????????????,????
- ????????,??????????
- ???????????????????
- ??,????????
-
- G?????????,
- ?????????????????,
- ?????????????
12- 1.????? ?-??????-???
- ?????,???????
- 2.????? ?-??????????
- ?????,????????????,
- ??????-PBPs?????????
- ????(trapping mechanism)?
- 3.??PBPs ?????????????
- ??PBPs?
13- 4.??????? ?????????
- (porin)??????????,??porin
- ??????????
- 5. ?????? ??????????
- ?????,???????,?????
- ???????????????
- 6. ?????
14??????
(?)?????? ?????????X?F?G?K
???G(penicillin G) ???? ????,????????? ???U???
15- ?????? ????,im???????
- c.s.f ????,?????????,??
- ???????????????????
- ??????
- ?????? ??
- G???G???G-???????
- ??????????????
- 1.??????????????????
- ???????
16- 2.??????????????????
- ???
- 3.?????????????
- 4.???
- 5.????????????????
- 6.???????????,????
- ??????????????
17- ??????
- 1.????
- ??????????????
- ????????,????????
- ??????????
- ????
- 2.??????????????
- 3.???iv?????????????
- ???????
- 4.????
18(?)??????
- 1.?????-???V
- 2.?????-????????????
- ????,???????
- 3.?????-??????,???,?
- ?????????????????
- ???? ampicillin,???? amoxicillin
- 4.????????????
- ???? carbenicillin ???,???
- ???? piperacillin
-
19???????
?????(cephalosporins)??? ???C,??????7-ACA?????
???????????????????????-????,???????? ????????????
?????? ??? ??????????????-?? ?????????????????
?
20?ß-??? ????
???
??
???
???
?,?PG?? G gt 2?3 ? G- ?
???(???????????)
????,???? ????,???? ?????,
?
???
???? G lt 1? G- gt1?,lt2? ???????? ???????
???? ???? ????
???
???
?? ??
?? G lt 1?2? G- gt 1?2? ?????? ?????
???? ???? ???? ????
???
????
???
G????G- gt3 ? ?????? ?????
???? ???? ????
???ß-? ?????
???
???
21- ??????
- ??????????????????
- ????????????
- ???????????????????
- ?????????????????
- ??????????????????
- ??????????????,????
- ???????????
- ?????????????????
22- ??????
- ? ????????,?????????
- ????510????????????
- ? ??????????
- ? ??????????????????
- ???????????,???????
- ?????
- ? ???????????????
- ? ??????????????????
- ???????????
23????ß-???????
- (?)?????
- ????(imipenem)??????,
- ?????,?????,???????
- ???(DHP-1)????,?????
- ??(tienam)???????????
- ??????(cilastatin)???????
- ????
- ????(meropenem)???????
- ?,CNS???????????
24- (?)????(cepharmycins)
- ??????????,???????
- ???????,?G?G- ?????,?
- ???????,??????,??-??
- ????,???????????????
- ?????????????,??????
- ????????????????????
- ????????
- ????(cefoxitin),
- ????(cefmetazole)
25- (?)?????(oxacephalosporins)
- ?????????S?O??????
- ???????????????,??-?
- ??????????????,????
- ?,?????????????????
- ???,???????????????
- ??
- ????(latamoxef)
- ????(flomoxef)
26- (?)?? ?-????(monobactams)
- ?G????,?G-??????,?
- ???????????????????
- ??????????????????,
- ????????????????,??
- ???????????????????
- ???????????????????
- ???????????
- ???(aztreonam)
- ????(carumonam)
-
27???-?????????????
- ?????????????????,
- ??-???????????,?????,
- ?????-???????????
- ????????????
- ????(clavulanic acid,??),??
- ?(sulbactam),????(tazobactam)
- ????(????????)
28??????????????????
- ??????????
- ???????
- 1.14?????? ????????,
- 2.15?????? ????
- 3.16?????? ????,????,
- ????,????
29- (?)???????
- ?????
- ?G????G-??????
- ?????????????????
- ???????
- ????-?????????????
- ???????????
- ??????,???????
-
30- ????????????????
- 50S??????,??????????
- ?14???????????tRNA??
- ?16????????????????
- ??50S????L27?L22?????,?
- ????tRNA????????
- ????????????
-
31- (?)????
- 1.?????
- 2.???????
- 3.????????
- (?)?????
- 1.?? ???,????????
- 2.?? ?????????
- 3.??
- 4.??
32???(erythromycin)
- ??????
- ????????????????????????????????,???????,??????,??
??????? - ???????????????????????
- ????????????????????????????
33- ?????? ????????,??
- ???????,???????????
- ?????????????10?,??
- ?????????????????,?
- ?????????
- ?????? ?????,?????
- ??????????,????????
- ???????????
34- ??????
- ?????? ?????,5???
- ????,????????
- ????? ???????,??,?
- ????,???????????
- ????? ??,??,??????
- ???????????????
- ?????? ??,????????
- ??????
-
35???? clarithromycin
- ???????????,????,
- ?????????,?????????
- ??????????????????
- ???????
- ??????,???????
36???? azithromycin
- ??
- ????gt ???,????G-????,
- ??????
- ?????????????
- ??????????????????
- ???????????10100?
- ??????????????,???
- ?1???
- ???????
37??????????
- ???? lincomycin
- ???? clindamycin
- ?????????,???????
- ????????48????????
- ??????????,?G??????,
- ?????G-?????????????
- ??????????????????
38- ??????????????,????
- ??????????,??????
- ??????
- ???????????????,??
- ????,???????
- ??????????,???????,
- ????????,??????????
- ??????
- ??????????????5?
39- ??????
- ???????????????????
- ???G???????????????
- ????????????????
- ???????????????
- ??????
- ?????,????,???????
- ??,????????????????
- ????????
40????????
- (?)?????
- ???? (vancomycin)
- ??????( norvancomycin)
- ????( teicoplanin)
- ????????? ??G?????,
- ???????????????????
- ????????
- ????????????????,?
- ??????????????????
41- ????????????,??????,
- ?????????,???????,?
- ????????????,??????
- ????,??????,????t1/2??
- ?????? ??????G???,?
- ???????????????????
- ???????ß-???????,??
- ??????????????
-
42- ?????? ????,???????
- ???
- ??? ?????,??????,
- ???? ?????????????
- ?????????????????
- ????????????????,
- ?????????? ?
43- (?)????? polymyxins
- ????B(polymyxin B)
- ????E(??? colistin)
- ????M(polymyxin M)
- ?????????
- ??(??G-?)??????????
- ????????? ??????????
- ??????
- ???,??????????
44- ?????? ?????,?????
- ??,???????????????
- ????????,??,??????
- ?????
- ?????????????????
- ?????????G-???????
- ?????????????????
- ???????????????
-
45- ??????
- 1.??? ?????????????
- ????????????
- 2. ???? ???????
- 3. ????
- 4. ???????,??????,??
- ???????????
46- (?)????
- ???(bacitracin)?G????????????,???????,?????
?????????? - ????,?????????
47????????
- ?????(aminoglycosides)
- ????
- ???streptomycin,????gentamicin
- ????tobramycin,????kanamycin
-
- ????
- ????amikacin,????netilmicin,
-
-
48?????????
- ? ?????G-???????????
- ? ??????????????????
- ?????????
- ? ??????????????????????,???????????
- ? ??????????????????????
49- ? ????????????????
- ? ????,??70S????????
- ? ??????,?????30S????
- ????,?mRNA??????,????
- ???????????
- ? ??????(R)?????A???,
- ???????????,???70S???
- ????,????????
50??????
- 1.?????(modifying enzyme)??
- ??????????????,????
- ???????????????????
- ????,???????????????
- ?????????????????
- ????,???????????,??
- ????????,??????????
- ????????????????
51- 2.?????? ?????????
- ??,?????????,??????
- ????
- 3.????? ?????30S????
- ??S12????????????,???
- ??????????
52??????
- 1.???
- ?????????????????
- ?????????
- ?????????????????
- ????????????
- ??????????????????
- ?????????????????
- ???????????????????
53- 2.???
- ?????,????????????
- ??,?????????????????
- ??,??????????????
- ?????????gt????gt??
- ??gt????gt????
- ??????????????????
- ??????????????
-
54- 3.????????
- ??????????,???????
- ???????????????????,
- ???????
- ??????????????????
- ???,??ACh?????
- ??????????????gt??
- ??gt????gt????gt????gt?
- ????
55- ????????????????
- ???????????,??????
- ??????????
- 4.????
- ??????????????????
- ???????????,???????
- ??????????????G?
56?????????????
- 1.???(streptomycin)
- ? ???G-????????,?????
- ?????,??????????
- ? ??????????,??????
- ?????????????????
- ? ??????????????,???
- ?????
- ? ???????????,??????
- ??,???????????
57- ????
- ? ????????,??????????,?????????????????????????,??
??,?????????? - ? ????????????????????????????????????,?????,?????
?????? - ? ???????,????????????
58- ????(gentamicin)
- ? ??????G-????,??????
- ?????,???????????
- ? ???????????,??????
- ???????????????????
- ????????????
- ? ????????????????
- ? ?????????????,????
- ???,???,??????,????
- ????
59- 3.????(tobramycin)
- ? ???????????????????????????4?,?????2?
- ? ????????????????25?,??????????????
- ? ???????????
60- ????(amikacin,??????)
- ? ????????????
- ? ??????????G-????????????????????,???????????????
??????? - ? ???????????????????G-?????,?ß-??????????????????
?? - ? ????????gt????,???lt?????
61????????????
- ??????
- ??????????????????
- ???????????????????????
- ????????????????????
62???(tetracycline)???(terramycin)
- ??????
- ????,?G?G-????,?????????????????????,????????????
- ????????????????
- ??????????,????????????
63- ??????
- ? ??????,?????????
- ? ????H2?????????????
- ?????
- ? Fe2?Ca2?Mg2AI3?????????
- ???,????
- ? ???????????,??????
- ? ??????????????
-
64- ??????
- ???????30S????A??????,??aa-tRNA????????,??????????
?????? - ??????????????????,????????????????,????DNA???
65- ?????
- ??????????????????
- ?????????????
- ?????????????
- ?????????
66- ??????
- 1.????? ??????????
- 2.???? ???????????
- ??,????????????????
- ??????????????????
- ??????????????????,
- ???????????????????
- ???????
67- 3.????????? ???????
- ???????????????????
- ??????????????,????
- ??????????????????,
- ??????????
- 4.?? ????,?????????
- ?,??????????????,??
- ?????????????
68- ????
- ???????,?????????2
- 10?,????????????????
- ???????????????????
- ????????,??????????
- ??,????????????
- ???????????,??????
- ???????
69- ????(minocycline)
- ??????????????????
- ????,???????????,??
- ??????????????
- ???????,??????????
- ????????????
- ??????????????????
- ???????
- ?????????????
70?????(chloramphenicol,chloromycetin)
- ??????
- ????????????????,??????????
- ????????????????????????,????????????????,????????
?????????????
71- ??????
- ???????????50S????????????????,??P??????????A?????
tRNA???????,????????,???????? - ????????????????????????????,??????????????,??????
?
72- ?????
- G??G-?????????????,
- ?????????,?????????
- ????,??????
- ??????
- ??????,????,??????
- ????????4599,????,?
- ???????????????
73- ??????
- 1.??????????
- 2.??
- 3.??????(?????Q?????)
- 4.?????????????????????,
- 5.????
74- ??????
- 1. ???? ??????????,??
- ???????????????,???
- ??,?????????????,?
- ???,???????????????
- ???????????????????
- ??????????????????70S
- ???????????????????
- ?,?????,?????????
75- 2.????? ?????????????????????,???????????????????
- 3.???????????????
- 4.?????????????????????????,?????????,??????
76???????
- ?????? quinolones
-
- ??????4-???????,???DNA???(DNA
gyrase)???????????????
77- ???(nalidixic acid)?1962??????????????,????,?????,
????,????? - ???(pipemidic acid)?????????,??????,?????????,????
????????????? - 1979???????(norfloxacin),????????????????,????????
(fluoroquinolones)?
78????????
- ????DNA???(DNA gyrase)??,??DNA??????????
- ?????????????????(topoisomerase ?)???? ?
- ????????,??DNA???
79(No Transcript)
80????????
- ????????????????,????????????
- ???????DNA??????,????gyrA??????,????????????????
???????????,????????,????????????????????????
81????????????
- ????,?????????????????????????,??????????????????
?????????,???,??????????? - ????????????????????
82- ??????,??????????????,???????,??????????????????
??,????????(1430),??????,????? - ??????????????????????????,???G-????????,?????????
????
83- ??????
- 1.??????? ??????????
- ??????????????????
- ???????
- 2.????? ????????????
- ????????????????????
- 3.???????
- 4.????????????????
84- ???????????
- 1.?????
- 2.CNS?? ??????????????,????????????
- 3.??????????
- 4.??????????????,????????????????????????
85- 5.??????????????????????,?????????????????????????
?,????????????,?????????? - 6.????????,???????????,??????
- 7.???????????????????????????????
86????
- ????(norfloxacin)?????
- ????(ciprofloxacin)???????
- ????(ofloxacin)?????
- ?????(levofloxacin)
- ????(lomefloxacin)
- ????(fleroxacin)??????
- ????(sparfloxacin)??????
- ????(moxifloxacin)
87?????? sulfonamides
- ?????????,??
- ???????(SD)
- ????????
?????????????????????
88- 2.???? ????? ??????
- 3.??? SML?SD-Ag
- ?????
- ??,???G?G-????????
- ?????A?????????????
- ???????????????????
- ??????????????????
- ?????
- ???????????????????
89- ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
,???????????????(??????)???????,?????????????????,
???????????????? - ????????????????,???????,???????
90??????
- ???,???????PABA??,????PABA?????????,?????????,??
???????,?????????
91(No Transcript)
92- ?????
- ?????????????????
- ?????PABA
- ?????????????
- ???????
- ?????????????????
- ???????????
93- ??????
- SD??????????,?????
- ??
- ???????????????,?
- ???,?????,????????
- SD?????????,??????SMZ?
- ???????????????????
- ?????,?????????????
- ?,??????????
-
94- ??????????
- 1.??????
- 2.???? ?????,??????
- ???????,????
- 3.?????? ???????????
- ?????????????,??
- 4.?????? ?????????
- 5.?????,????
- ????????????????
95- ?????????
- 1.??????
- ????(sulfadiazine,SD)
- ?????,???????45,??
- ?????,????????????
- 80?????????????????,
- ????????????????????
- ????
- ?????????,?????????
96- ?????(SMZ) ?????,???
- ?????(TMP)??,?1012h,????
- ????????,???????????
- ?????SD,????????,????
- ???????????????
- 2.??????
- ?????( SASP)?????,???
- ????,?????????5-?????
- ????????????????????
- ?????,?????????,????
- ???????
-
97- 3.?????
- ????(SML,????)
- ?????????????????
- ??????????????????
- ???????????,??????
- ??????????????????
- ????????????
-
98- ?????(SD-Ag)
- ???SD???????????,??
- ??,???????????,????
- ???,??????,????????,
- ???????????
- ????(SA) ??????????,
- ??????????,????????
- ???,?????????
99?????????
- ????(trimethoprim,TMP)
- ?????????,???????,??????????????????????????
- ??????????????????,?????????????,????????????????,
???????????????,?????????????????,????????,???????
?
100- ?????????,??t1/2??10??,?SMZ???
- TMP??SMZ?SD??,????????????????????????????????????
???????,???????????????????? - TMP????,??????????????????????????????????,???????
??????
101- ????(nitrofurantoin)??????(furadantin),???G?G
-????????????????????????????,??????????????????,?
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????
102- ????(furazolidone)?????,?????,?????,??????????????
??????????????????????? - ???(metronidazole)????????????????????????????????
?,????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????
103? ? ? ?
- ????(antifungal agents) ?
- ????????????????
- ????????????????
- ??????
- ??????????????
-
104??????????
- ????B(amphotericin B,????)
- ??????? ????????
- ??????????????????
- ?????????????????
- ?????????,????
- ??????????????????
- ??????????????
- ???????gt?????
105- ??????
- ????????????,
- ??????????,
- ??????????(?????)?
- ??????
- ??,???????????????
- ???????????????????
- ????????
106??? nystatin
- ?????????????B?
- ????????????????????
- ??????????????,???????
- ?????,?????
107???? grifulvin
- ??????????????????
- ?,????????
- ??????????????????????,????????,???????????????
DNA???,????DNA??? - ????????,????gt???
- ??????,???,?????
-
108????????
- ??????????
- ??????????????????
- ????????? ??????
- ??????????P450???????
- ??????,????????????
- P450????,????
109- ??? ketoconazole ??,??????
- ???????????????????
- ?????????,??????????
- ????????????
- ??????? ??,???????
- ?????????????
- ??? ???????????
- ???? ???????????,?
- ???,????????
110- ???? itraconazole ???????
- ???5100?,???????(???
- ??????)???????
- ??? fluconazole ?????????
- ?520?,??????????????
- ???????????,???????
- ?,????????,??????,?
- ????,?????
- ???? ??,??????????
- ????
111?????????
- ???????????????????
- ???? terbinafine ????????
- ?????????
?????????
???? flucytosine ?????DNA????????????????????
???,????????B?