Regulation

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Regulation

• Nervous and Endocrine Systems

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Parts of the nervous system

• Brain
• Spinal Cord
• Nerves

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Functions of the nervous system

• Communication between body systems
• Helps body react to changes in the environment
• Helps body maintain Homeostasis

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Neurons are the basic component of the nervous
system.

• Dendrites Receives impulse
• Cell Body contains nucleus and other organelles
• Axon Sends impulse
• Myelin sheath fatty substance that insulates
  the axon and makes impulses travel faster.

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Synapse gap between neurons

• Neurotransmitters chemical that carries impulse
  across the synapse.
• Inhibitory blocks signal
• Excitatory increases signal
• Receptors receive neurotransmitters.

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Types of Neurons

• Sensory neurons signal goes from a receptor to
  the spine or brain
• Inter-neurons signal goes from one neuron to
  another neuron
• Motor neurons signal goes from brain or spine
  out to a muscle or gland.

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Path of message

• Stimulus causes receptor to react
• Receptor a sense organ such as the eyes, skin,
  ears
• Impulse the message or signal carried along the
  neuron
• Effector an organ that responds to the impulse.
  

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• Types of stimuli
• Types of receptors
• Types of effectors

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The nervous system is divided into two parts

• Central Nervous system (CNS)
• Brain
• Spine
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Nerves

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The Brain

• The brain is one of the most active organs in the
  body. It receives 20 of the blood the heart
  pumps and it replaces most of its protein every
  three weeks. The brain is a major user of
  glucose. You can burn lots of calories just by
  using your brain!

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Parts of the Brain

• Cerebrum
• Largest part of brain
• Divided into a right and left hemisphere
• Used for thinking, movement, sensation, etc.

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• Cerebellum
• At the base of the brain
• Used for balance and coordination

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• Brain Stem
• Medulla oblongata heart beat, respiration
• Pons relay center
• Midbrain relay center

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Memory

• Occurs in the Cerebrum
• Momentary a few minutes
• Short Term a few hours
• Long Term years

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Spinal Cord

• Structure a bunch of nerves that run through
  your vertebral column.
• Function sends messages to and from the brain
  and body.
• Connects the CNS to the PNS

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Peripheral Nervous System

• Nerves
• Cranial out of brain
• Spinal out of spine
• Somatic Nervous system in charge of voluntary
  actions.
• Autonomic Nervous system In charge of
  involuntary actions.

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Reflexes

• Examples

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Reflex Arc

• 1. Receptor is stimulated
• 2. Sensory neuron sends impulse to spine.
• 3. Sensory neuron connects to an interneuron
  which connects to a motor neuron.
• 4. Motor neuron sends impulse to muscle. Reflex
  occurs.

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Endocrine System

• The job of the Endocrine System is to regulate
  the body and help it maintain homeostasis.

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Hormones

• Chemical messengers that communicate with target
  cells.

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• The endocrine system is slower than the nervous
  system but, its effects last longer (hours to
  years)

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Glands

• Exocrine Glands secret their products outside
  of the body or in the digestive system.
• Endocrine Glands secrete their products in the
  blood stream.

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• Hormones are specific. They are only recognized
  by specific tissues.

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Positive Feedback

• Increase levels of a hormone trigger the release
  of even more hormone.
• Examples childbirth and lactation

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Negative Feedback

• An increase will trigger a decrease

Eat food
Low blood sugar
High blood sugar
Insulin released from Pancreas
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• Hypersecretion too much hormone is secreted.
• Hyposecretion too little hormone is secreted.

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Pituitary Gland

• Location In the brain
• Hormones Many growth hormone, thyroid
  secreting hormone.
• Effects Controls the secretions of other glands

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Hypothalamus

• Location in brain
• Hormones oxytocin and ADH
• Effects childbirth contractions and water
  retention.

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Thyroid

• Location neck
• Hormones Thyroxine
• Effect controls metabolism

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Parathyroid

• Location behind thyroid gland
• Hormone parathormone
• Effect increases blood calcium

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Adrenal Glands

• Location on top of kidneys
• Hormones Adrenalin, etc.
• Effect Fight or flight response

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Pancreas

• Location below stomach
• Hormones Insulin, glucagon
• Effect decrease or increase blood sugar levels

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Gonads testes or ovaries

• Location lower abdomen
• Hormones Testosterone or Estrogen
• Effect development and reproduction

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Thymus

• Location above heart
• Hormones Thymopoeiten
• Effect development of immune system

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Pineal Gland

• Location Brain
• Hormones Melatonin
• Effect Day/night cycles