Thermodynamics

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Thermodynamics
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First Law of ThermodynamicsEnergy Conservation
The change in internal energy of a system (DU) is
equal to the heat flow into the system (Q) minus
the work done by the system (W)
DU Q - W
Increase in internalenergy of system
Heat flow into system
Equivalent ways of writing 1st Law Q DU W
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Work Done by a System
The work done by the gas as it contracts is A)
Positive B) Zero C) Negative
W F d cosq P A d P A Dy P DV
W p ?V For constant Pressure W gt 0 if ?V gt
0 expanding system does positive work W lt 0 if
?V lt 0 contracting system does negative work W
0 if ?V 0 system with constant volume does
no work
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Thermodynamic Systems and P-V Diagrams

• ideal gas law PV nRT
• for n fixed, P and V determine state of system
• T PV/nR
• U (3/2)nRT (3/2)PV
• Examples
• which point has highest T?
• which point has lowest U?
• to change the system from C to B,
• energy must be added to system

P
A
B
P1 P3
C
V
V1 V2
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Special PV Cases

• Constant Pressure (isobaric)
• Constant Volume
• (isochoric)
• Constant Temp DU 0
• Adiabatic Q0

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First Law of ThermodynamicsIsobaric Example
2 moles of monatomic ideal gas is taken from
state 1 to state 2 at constant pressure p1000
Pa, where V1 2m3 and V2 3m3. Find T1, T2, DU,
W, Q. (R8.31 J/k mole)
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First Law of ThermodynamicsIsochoric Example
2 moles of monatomic ideal gas is taken from
state 1 to state 2 at constant volume V2m3,
where T1120K and T2 180K. Find Q.
P
P2 P1
2
1
V
V
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Example complete cycle
Wtot ??
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WORK Question

• If we go the opposite direction for the cycle
  (4,3,2,1) the net work done by the system will
  be
• A) Positive B) Negative

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PV Question

• Shown in the picture below are the pressure
  versus volume graphs for two thermal processes,
  in each case moving a system from state A to
  state B along the straight line shown. In which
  case is the work done by the system the biggest?
• A. Case 1
• B. Case 2
• C. Same

P(atm)
P(atm)
A
B
4
4
A
B
2
2
Case 1
Case 2
3
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3
9
V(m3)
V(m3)
Net Work area under P-V curve Area the same in
both cases!
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PV Question2

• Shown in the picture below are the pressure
  versus volume graphs for two thermal processes,
  in each case moving a system from state A to
  state B along the straight line shown. In which
  case is the change in internal energy of the
  system the biggest?
• A. Case 1
• B. Case 2
• C. Same

?U 3/2 ?(pV) Case 1 ?(pV) 4x9-2x330
atm-m3 Case 2 ?(pV) 2x9-4x3 6 atm-m3
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PV Question3

• Shown in the picture below are the pressure
  versus volume graphs for two thermal processes,
  in each case moving a system from state A to
  state B along the straight line shown. In which
  case is the heat added to the system the biggest?
• A. Case 1
• B. Case 2
• C. Same

Q ?U W W is same for both ?U is larger for
Case 1 Therefore, Q is larger for Case 1
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First Law Questions
Q DU W
Some questions

• Which part of cycle has largest change in
  internal energy, DU ?
• 2 ? 3 (since U 3/2 pV)
• Which part of cycle involves the least work W ?
• 3 ? 1 (since W pDV)
• What is change in internal energy for full
  cycle?
• ?U 0 for closed cycle (since both p V are
  back where they started)
• What is net heat into system for full cycle
  (positive or negative)?
• ?U 0 ? Q W area of triangle (gt0)

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Question
Consider a hypothetical device that takes 1000 J
of heat from a hot reservoir at 300K, ejects 200
J of heat to a cold reservoir at 100K, and
produces 800 J of work. Does this device violate
the first law of thermodynamics ? 1. Yes 2. No

• W (800) Qhot (1000) - Qcold (200)
• Efficiency W/Qhot 800/1000 80

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Reversible?

• Most physics processes are reversible, you
  could play movie backwards and still looks fine.
  (drop ball vs throw ball up)
• Exceptions
• Non-conservative forces (friction)
• Heat Flow
• Heat never flows spontaneously from cold to hot

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Summary

• 1st Law of Thermodynamics Energy Conservation

Q DU W
P

• point on p-V plot completely specifies state
  of system (pV nRT)
• work done is area under curve
• U depends only on T (U 3nRT/2 3pV/2)
• for a complete cycle DU0 ? QW

V
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