Chemical

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Chapter 3

• Chemical Physical Feature of the Ocean

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Atom

• The smallest particle an element can be divided
  into maintain properties
• Building block of matter

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Molecule

• A group of atoms chemically combined that can
  exist by itself
• CO2

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Ion

• Charged particle
• Cl-1

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Polyatomic Ion

• A group of atoms chemically combined that
  together have a charge
• CO3-2

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Organic Compounds
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Polymers

• large complex organic compounds linked by
  covalent bonds

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3 forms

• Complex carbohydrates contain two or more
  monomers of simple sugars linked together.
• Proteins are formed by linking monomers of amino
  acids together.
• Nucleic acids are made of sequences of
  nucleotides linked together.

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Genes

• specific sequences of nucleotides in a DNA
  molecule

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Chromosomes

• combinations of genes that make a single DNA
  molecule, plus some proteins

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Genome

• the complete sequence of DNA

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Inorganic Compounds

• All compounds without the combination of carbon
  atoms and other elements

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Matter exists in four states

1. solid,
2. liquid,
3. Gaseous
4. a fourth state known as plasma.

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Matter and resources usefulness,

1. 1. High-quality concentrated and highly
   useful-found near the Earths surface.
2. 2. Low-quality dilute and found deep underground
   and/or dispersed in air or water.

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3-6 Nuclear Changes

• Matter can undergo a change known as a nuclear
  change.
• Three types of nuclear change
• radioactive decay,
• nuclear fission,
• nuclear fusion.

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Radioactive decay

• Radioactive isotopes emit high-energy radiation
  until the original unstable isotope is changed
  into a stable isotope

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Nuclear fusion

1. Combining of two light element isotopes ez(H)
2. Occurs at extremely high temperatures.
3. Releases more energy than fission.
4. It is still in the laboratory stage after 50
   years of research.

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Energy

• The capacity to do work and transfer heat it
  moves matter.

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Kinetic energy

• has mass and speed - wind and electricity

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Potential energy

• stored energy - match,.

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Energy changes

• Potential E. becomes kinetic E. dropping an
  egg.

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Heat

• The total kinetic energy of all moving atoms,
  ions, or molecules in a substance.
• 3 forms
• convection,
• conduction, and
• radiation.

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Temperature is the average speed of motion of
atoms,.
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Quality of energy.

• High energy is concentrated loads of work.
• 2. Low energy is dispersed -little work

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Energy Laws
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The First Law of Thermodynamics

• 1. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
• 2. Energy may be converted from to another.

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The Second Law of Thermodynamics

• A.. Usable energy and quality decreases when
  changed from one form to another.
• heat is often produced and lost.
• In living systems, solar energy is changed to
  chemical energy, then to mechanical energy
• High-quality energy cannot be recycled/reused

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Energy efficiency

• A. is very poorabout 16 of energy produces
  useful work.
• Forty-one percent is unavoidable waste energy,
• forty-three percent is unnecessarily wasted
  energy.
• B. A change in habits can further reduce this
  waste.

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Matter and Energy Laws and Environmental Problems

• A. Resource use automatically adds some waste
  heat/waste matter to the environment.
• B. Advanced industrialized countries have high
  waste economies.
• Resources flow into planetary sinks (air, water,
  soil, organisms) with accumulation to harmful
  levels.
• 2.Eventually consumption will exceed capacity of
  the environment to dilute/degrade wastes.

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• C. Recycling/reusing more of Earths matter
  resources slows depletion.
• D. It just slow the process and buys some time
  but doesnt stop the impact.
• E. Shifting to a more sustainable economy is
  the best long-term solution

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