Nation%20Building%20

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Nation Building Reform
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Imperial Russia

• Crimean War defeat pushes Alex II Reforms
• emancipation of serfs - Edict March 3, 1861
• better to abolish from above than below
• Serfs given land (not the best) expected to pay
  back
• 1864 zemstvos - local assemblies
• property based elections favor wealthy

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Imperial Russia

• 1864 - legal reform judicial code - equality
  before law
• Populism movement - wanted greater reform
• Peoples Will, radical group - assassinated Alex
  II 1881
• son Alex III - reactionary

4
Russia

• Alexander III - reactionary
• secret police expanded, social reform/trade
  unions persecuted
• Russification - Russian language in all schools,
  pogroms - organized violence against jews
• Alex III dies in 1894 - son Nicholas II weak
• tried to follow fathers policies

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Russia

• Nicholas II increased fathers push for ind
• Sergei Witte, minister of finance 1892-1903
• encouraged foreign capital to build factories
• 35,000 miles of rail lines including 5,000 mile
  Trans-Siberian

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Russia

• 1898 Social Democratic Party underground
• growing nationalism among Poles and Ukranians -
  not happy w/ conditions and russification
• Russian territorial expansion brought into
  contact w/ Japan - humiliating defeat in
  Ruso-Japanese War 1904

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Bloody Sunday Revolution of 1905

• Growing discontent group of workers petition to
  Winter Palace St. Petersburg Jan 9, 1905
• troops fire on crowd killing hundreds
• workers strike and riots through October
• October Manifesto - Nich II granted civil
  liberties and agreed to establish Duma
• By 1907 dismissed Duma returned to
  authoritarian rule through army and bureaucracy

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Germany

• Reichstag - universal male suffrage but no
  ministerial responsibility
• 2 barriers to real democracy army Biz
• Germany Army - defenders of monarchy and
  aristocracy - officers Junkers
• Biz - serves as chancellor til 1890

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Biz - domestic policies

• kulturkampf - attack on Catholics - distrusted
  loyalty to new Germany closed seminaries,
  abolished religious orders
• priests ignored, jailed, paid fines - growing
  Catholic party
• shifts policy 1878 - economic problems needs
  growing Catholic party to stop growing socialist
  party SPD antinationalistic, anticapitalistic,
  antimonarchial

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Persecution of SPD - welfare state

• 1878 Biz pushed laws banning SPD
  meetings/publications
• Tries to woo socialists w/ socialism
• sickness, accident, disability benefits and
  social security system
• Failed to slow growth of socialists remember
  largest party by eve of WWI
• Biz planned more restrictive measures but canned
  by William II 1890

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William II

• reversed policies of outlawing socialism to win
  over workers - no more success than Biz
• Industrialization led to expansion of SPD but
  less revolutionary more revisionist
• William II turns to active foreign policy -
  expansionism to divert from democratization

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3rd Republic France

• After defeat of Nap III 1870 - Biz forces
  elections on universal male suffrage
• French elect a monarchist majority to NA
• 1871 radical republicans form Commune
• Apr 1871 fighting breaks out in Paris
• 20,000 killed another 10,000 deported

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3rd Republic cont.

• NA could not agree on who to select as king
• 1875 - constitution republican form of gov
• 76/77 elections add more republicans
• 1889 avoids Boulanger Crisis
• strengthens support for republicans

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Dreyfus Affair

• Jewish Republican Alfred Dreyfus court-martialed
  by royalist officers
• declared guilty of selling military docs to
  Germany - life in prison
• 1906 exonerated - turns out it was a Catholic
• Effects - move to more democratic society
• Break from Catholic Church - religious orders
  leave
• Monarchist officers removed from army
• anti-Semitism discredited
• Gained support for republicanism

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GB Victorian Age

• had not experienced rev troubles of 1848
• Reform Act of 1832 opened politics to middle
  class
• real wages increase 25 from 1850-70
• stable monarch Queen Vic 1837-1901
• era of political compromising between 2 parties

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Disraeli Gladstone

• Whigs (now called Liberals)
• Responsible for Reform Act of 1832
• William Gladstone
• Tories (now called Conservatives)
• would be responsible for Act of 1867
• Benjamin Disraeli

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Disraeli Reform Act of 1867

• Act of 1867 lowered monetary requirements for
  voting - enfranchised male urban workers
• Backfires on Disraeli - liberal victories 1868
• brings Gladstone in as PM
• both parties must take into account workers

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Liberal Policies of Gladstone 1868-1874

• competitive civil service exams rather than
  patronage
• Purchase of military officers commission
  abolished
• secret ballot for voting
• Ed Act of 1870 - gov responsible for elementary
  schools for all children

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Disraeli Conservatives 1874-1880

• Pubic Health Act - duty of states to interfere w/
  private property to protect health
• Artisan Dwelling Act - gov provided housing for
  working class
• Gladstone reelected in 1880

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2nd Ministry of Gladstone 1880-85

• Reform Act of 1884 vote to all men paid rents or
  taxes - 2 million more voters
• Home Rule Irish Question
• 1801 Act of Union
• 1860s Irish push for independence
• 1886 Gladstone home rule bill voted down
• Irish Question put off by WWI

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Liberalism - welfare state

• David Lloyd George - Peoples Budget
• National Insurance Act of 1911 - sickness and
  unemployment benefits
• Legislation - pension for retirees - programs to
  be paid for by increase tax on wealthy -
  redistribution of wealth
• Liberals abandoned laissez-faire for social
  programs steps towards future British welfare
  state

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Austrian Empire

• Emancipation of serfs only lasting effect of 1848
  Revolt - return to autocratic rule
• Industrialization - working class combined w/
  defeat in Austro-Prussian War - changes
• forced to deal w/ Hungarian nationalists
• Ausgleich - Compromise of 1867 - Dual Monarchy
• did not satisfy other minority nationalities

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Austria-Hungary

• Nationalistic minority groups still a problem
• ethnic Germans only 1/3 of pop in Austria Czechs,
  Poles other slavs want change
• Emperor Francis Joseph and Catholic Church
  unifying factors holding empire together

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A-H

• Universal male suffrage in Austria 1907 only fans
  the fire - prime ministers ignore parliament
• Magyars in Hungary push for separation 1903,
  Francis Joseph threatens to grant universal male
  suffrage in Hungary - Hungary falls in line

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Spain Italy

• Sp - Parliamentary gov dominated by wealthy
• Generation of 1898 for pol/social reform
• w/ ind. more attracted to socialism anarchism
• military crushes violence 1909 Barcelona - tough
  to mess w/ tradition Catholic, landowners, army
• IT - united geographically 1870 but loyal to
  family, town, region
• sectional diff Ind - N Ag - S, CC not accept
  Italy

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Socialism and 2nd IR
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Influence of Marx

• Industrialization on continent picks up 1850-1870
• workers trade unions not able to combat factory
  owners
• Influence of Marx in 1870s formation of
  socialist parties and socialist trade unions

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Marx

• Publication of The Communist Manifesto 1848
• Marx Ideas - class struggle throughout history
  the working men have no country
• Radical, revolutionary overthrow of gov
• proletariat would reorganize means of production
• classless society would emerge

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Marx cont.

• Also wrote Das Kapital - critique on the
  capitalist economic model
• spent the latter years of his life helping
  organize the International Working Mens
  Association or First International
• would fail in 1872, brought back 1889

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La Belle Epoque

• Beautiful Era or Golden Age 1895-WWI
• Peace in Europe
• New technology and scientific discoveries
• Economic prosperity

Worlds Fair Paris 1900
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2nd IR

• 2nd IR 1870-20th century
• 1st IR - dominated by GB and focused on textiles,
  railroads, iron coal
• 2nd IR - Germany would lead the way focus on
  steel, chemicals, electricity and oil

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Advances Made

• lightbulb, telephone, radio, internal combustion
  engine give way to car and plane, assembly line
  production
• Rise in wages - europeans could spend more -
  consumer economy - department store, leisure
  spending

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European Economic Zones

• Western Europe and N. Italy industrialized while
  areas S and E little industry
• Set pattern for modern European economic model -
  affects seen in post WWII

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Increase In Industry on Continent socialism

• trade unions had been restricted across Europe
  until 1860s - had little impact helping workers
• German Social Democratic Party (SPD) forms 1875
• Wilhelm Liebkecht August Bebel
• Marxist in rhetoric but organized politically
• 1890 SPD 35 seats in Reichstag, 1912 largest
  party in Germany

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Evolution of Socialism

• Bizmark tried to persecute and stop socialism in
  Germany but no luck
• Socialist parties would emerge across Europe end
  of 19th c - in Russia 1898
• 1889 Second International - May Day (May 1)

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Revisionism

• Challenge to orthodox Marxisism
• Eduard Bernstein - influenced by moderate English
  socialism (Fabian Socialism)
• Evolutionary Socialism - capitalism had not broke
  down
• must continue to use democratic means not rev.

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Problems for Socialism

• Nationalism - Marx underestimated difference of
  local issues and loyalty to state on eve of WWI
• Trade Unions - slow to grow but by WWI 3-4
  million Brits, 3 million in Germany - strikes and
  collective bargaining was working
• As Marxism became less radical - drove some to
  anarchism - less ind and less democratic countries

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Age of Mass Politics
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How to deal w/ lower class?

• Extension of voting rights, better standard of
  living as real wages increased
• Achievements of science and tech had improved
  transportation and communication
• Changing family dynamic, leisure time, recreation
  mass society

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Women Mass Politics

• 1840s 50s beginning of womens rights
• Liberal Millicent Fawcett - pushed for democratic
  means of reform
• Emmeline Pankhurst daughters (Christabel and
  Sylvia) Womens Social Political Union 1903
• radicals labeled suffragettes - chained to
  lampposts, egged officials, smashed windows of
  department stores

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Womens Movement

• 1913 Emily Davison martyred at Epsom Derby
• Only Finland, Norway and few Am states granted
  women vote before 1914
• gain traction after WWI

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Jews Mass Politics

• Since Middle Ages had been quartered off in
  ghettos
• By 1867 Jews granted citizenship across Europe
• End of 19th C, Jews become scapegoat again
• increase in anti-Semitism esp. Aus, Ger, Rus
• Vienna mayor Karl Lueger blamed Jews for
  corruption of German Culture - Adolph Hitler
• Russia - pogroms - massacre and forced migration
  of hundreds of thousands of Jews - calls for
  zionist movement

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Imperialism
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Old vs New

• Old Imperialism - Result of Commercial Revolution
  16th - 18th c
• Trade routes - settlements - rule
• New Imperialism - Result of Ind Rev 1870-1914
• cheap raw materials - markets for goods - exploit

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Causes

• Nationalism - glorify state, divert attention
  from democratic reform
• Racism - belief 1 race superior to another
• Social Darwinism - survival of fittest
• Religious - white mans burden to civilize
  backwards cultures
• Economic - tin, oil, rubber

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Enabling Forces

• External Internal forces allowed European
  conquest of Africa Asia
• External - weapons, railroads/steamships, cure
  for diseases
• Internal - variety of cultures/languages, low
  tech., ethnic strife

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Scramble For Africa

• Early 1800s GB had begun establishing control
  Cape Colony S. Africa
• French Company completed Suez Canal 1869
• British take over occupation of Egypt 1882
• Belgians explore and claim Congo 1876
• French Germans begin scramble

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Berlin Conference 1885

• European powers meet to set guidelines for
  partitioning of Africa
• notify claims and prove could control area
• treat Africans humanely - yeah right
• British violate by chasing Dutch out of S. Africa
  - Boer War - significance - continental powers
  seek alliances

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Imperialism In 34 Years
1880
1914
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Asia

• India - British dominated economic life through
  BEIC since 1600s Jewel of the Crown
• Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 leads to direct control -
  Raj
• SE Asia - dominated by France through local
  elites and economic dependence
• 1880s - Union of Indochina - later Vietnam, Laos
  and Cambodia

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China

• By 19th c ruling Manchu dynasty weak in decline
• British Opium Wars 1839-43 forced Treaty of
  Nanking
• ceded Hong Kong to GB opened trade to European
  powers - spheres of influence
• John Hay - Open Door Policy 1899

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China cont.

• humiliation from foreign influence leads to
  revolt - Boxer Rebellion 1899-1900
• European forces suppress
• 1911 Sun Yat-sen overthrows Manchu dynasty and
  weak Republic of China formed

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Japan Westernization

• Avoided western influence til 1853
• U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry rolls into Tokyo Bay
  pressed for diplomatic privileges
• Samurai revolt 1867 Mutsuhito as emperor
• adopted Western methods of education, U.S.
  industrial and financial methods, develop strong
  military state
• Defeat of Russia in 1905 proved they could play
  the white mans game

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Effects of Imperialism

• Emergence of a true world economy as markets
  extended around globe
• Most of the world controlled by industrialized
  west
• Competition for land raises competition and
  rivalries between European states