Title: Early
1Early African Civilizations
2(No Transcript)
3Geography
Sahara
How would Africas geography 1) affect food
production? 2) affect trading patterns?
Hump Of Africa
Savanna
Horn of Africa
Rain Forest
- 2nd largest continent
- Surrounded by 2 oceans 2 seas
Mild
42. What connection is there between the mask and
elephants?
1. What is this?
- Ivory Tribal Mask
- Ivory has been used for 1000s of years
1400s-1650s Portuguese merchants hired ivory
sculptors
3. Why is ivory unavailable today?
5- Kush
- 1000 B.C.E. 150 C.E.
- Upper Nile Valley (Sudan)
- Capital City Meroe
- Built great temples, brick mansions, flat-topped
pyramids, and reservoirs - Written language still undeciphered
- Traded gold, ivory, ebony, wood, and slaves
- produced iron wares
6- Axum
- 100 1400 C.E.
- Founded by Arab traders
- Traded ivory, slaves, spices
- King Ezana
- - converted to Christianity 324 C.E.
- - conquered the Kush
- - built monuments obelisks
7Christian Nubia Ethiopia
- Reached Africa before Romes conversion
- Coptic (Egypt Nubia) translated the gospels
into their language were tolerated - EthiopiaRemained isolated and independent
- King Lalibela11 churches carved from stone
- Later Dynastytraced lineage back to Solomon
Sheba -
8Bet Giorgis, a 12th century Rock-Hewn Church in
Ethiopia
9Ghana
- Founded about 750-1200 C.E.
- Between the Senegal and Niger Rivers
- Vast resources (iron, animal products, gold)
- Produced iron swords, spears, and lances
- Traded gold for salt from the Saharan salt mines
- Ghanian kings taxed all passing trade
- Invaded by Muslims in 1076 and broken into small
kingdoms
10- Berbers
- nomadic camel caravans
- fleets of the desert
- Gold-salt-slave trade
- Picked up large blocks up salt on their journey
and exchanged it for gold - Islam, Christianity was spread also
- - carried goods 300 miles across the Sahara
11Mali
- 1240-1400
- Brought both gold salt under their direct
control - Rulers converted to Islam
- Majority of the people remained faithful to the
traditional animistic faiths
12Sundiata Keita
c. 1210-1260
- Powerful warrior
- Created the Kingdom of Mali
- Father of Mali
13Sundiata, Lion Prince of Malias told by griots
(story tellers)
14Mansa Musa
- Ruled from 1312 1337
- Very
- Doubled the size of Mali
- Created 5 provinces
- Appointed governors
15- Devout Muslim
- Made the Hajj
- Took 1000s with him
- Impressed 1000s along the way with lavish gifts
- Gold value along the rt.
- Returned with scholars architects
16Cultural Center
Timbuktu became a major
- Encouraged new buildings
- Built mosques, libraries,
- New palace
- Center of universities
- Scholarship flourished
17Songhai
1464 1600 C.E.
- Sunni Ali captured Timbuktu Jenne
- Brought Upper Niger under his control
- Largest of West Africas trading kingdoms
- Elaborate tax and communication system
- Traded gold, salt, slaves
- Controlled the West African trade
- 1591, defeated by Morocco
- Ended the great West African kingdoms
18Bantu Migrations
- Migrated into Eastern Africa from the west
- Subsistence farmers
- Major trading posts
- Mogadishu
- Mombasa
- Kilwa
- Spoke
Swahili
19Unifying aspect Bantu-speaking peoples provided
a linguistic base across Africa
1000 different languages 1000 different tribes
20Zimbabwe
- Wealthy stateless society
- Independent villages ruled by clan leader
- Prospered from the gold trade
21Culture Society
- Walled villages center of government
- Markets contained goods from around the world
- Lineage group sense of identity
- Many matrilineal societies
- Women could inherit
- Community education and initiation
22- Pre-European Slave Trade
- Existed since ancient times
- Between 650-1000 CE, 4.5 million Africans
transported to Southwest Asia (SWA) - 1st major development occurred in 7th Century
- Berbers raided villages
- Islamic traders traded goods for Africans
- Transported them to SWA
Slavery
23- Many were captured in war, debtors, criminals
- Manual labor
- In Muslim African societies, slaves had legal
rights and opportunities for social mobility - In Muslim countries, many earned their freedom
24Religion
- Most were monotheistic
- Diviners predict the future
25Traditional African Religion
ANIMISM
1. Belief in one remote Supreme Being.
2. A world of spirits (good bad) in all
things.
3. Ancestor veneration.
4. Belief in magic, charms, and fetishes.
5. Diviner ? mediator between the tribe
and God.
26Art Culture
Art reflected religious themes
Griot oral storyteller
27The trade in ___?____ across the Sahara was
probably next in importance to the gold trade for
the western Sudan, but not for the central Sudan.
There, because there was no gold, ___?____ were
the mainstay of the export commerce. -- William
D. Phillips, 1985
This excerpt is from a description of Islamic
trade from the seventh century to the fifteenth
century. Which word correctly completes the
excerpt? A camels B dates C weapons D slaves