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Early

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2nd largest continent Surrounded by 2 oceans & 2 seas How would Africa s geography: 1) affect food production? 2) affect trading patterns? – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Early


1
Early African Civilizations
2
(No Transcript)
3
Geography
Sahara
How would Africas geography 1) affect food
production? 2) affect trading patterns?
Hump Of Africa
Savanna
Horn of Africa
Rain Forest
  • 2nd largest continent
  • Surrounded by 2 oceans 2 seas

Mild
4
2. What connection is there between the mask and
elephants?
1. What is this?
  • Ivory Tribal Mask
  • Ivory has been used for 1000s of years

1400s-1650s Portuguese merchants hired ivory
sculptors
3. Why is ivory unavailable today?
5
  • Kush
  • 1000 B.C.E. 150 C.E.
  • Upper Nile Valley (Sudan)
  • Capital City Meroe
  • Built great temples, brick mansions, flat-topped
    pyramids, and reservoirs
  • Written language still undeciphered
  • Traded gold, ivory, ebony, wood, and slaves
  • produced iron wares

6
  • Axum
  • 100 1400 C.E.
  • Founded by Arab traders
  • Traded ivory, slaves, spices
  • King Ezana
  • - converted to Christianity 324 C.E.
  • - conquered the Kush
  • - built monuments obelisks

7
Christian Nubia Ethiopia
  • Reached Africa before Romes conversion
  • Coptic (Egypt Nubia) translated the gospels
    into their language were tolerated
  • EthiopiaRemained isolated and independent
  • King Lalibela11 churches carved from stone
  • Later Dynastytraced lineage back to Solomon
    Sheba

8
Bet Giorgis, a 12th century Rock-Hewn Church in
Ethiopia




9
Ghana
  • Founded about 750-1200 C.E.
  • Between the Senegal and Niger Rivers
  • Vast resources (iron, animal products, gold)
  • Produced iron swords, spears, and lances
  • Traded gold for salt from the Saharan salt mines
  • Ghanian kings taxed all passing trade
  • Invaded by Muslims in 1076 and broken into small
    kingdoms

10
  • Berbers
  • nomadic camel caravans
  • fleets of the desert
  • Gold-salt-slave trade
  • Picked up large blocks up salt on their journey
    and exchanged it for gold
  • Islam, Christianity was spread also
  • - carried goods 300 miles across the Sahara

11
Mali
  • 1240-1400
  • Brought both gold salt under their direct
    control
  • Rulers converted to Islam
  • Majority of the people remained faithful to the
    traditional animistic faiths

12
Sundiata Keita
c. 1210-1260
  • Powerful warrior
  • Created the Kingdom of Mali
  • Father of Mali

13
Sundiata, Lion Prince of Malias told by griots
(story tellers)
14
Mansa Musa
  • Ruled from 1312 1337
  • Very
  • Doubled the size of Mali
  • Created 5 provinces
  • Appointed governors

15
  • Devout Muslim
  • Made the Hajj
  • Took 1000s with him
  • Impressed 1000s along the way with lavish gifts
  • Gold value along the rt.
  • Returned with scholars architects

16
Cultural Center
Timbuktu became a major
  • Encouraged new buildings
  • Built mosques, libraries,
  • New palace
  • Center of universities
  • Scholarship flourished

17
Songhai
1464 1600 C.E.
  • Sunni Ali captured Timbuktu Jenne
  • Brought Upper Niger under his control
  • Largest of West Africas trading kingdoms
  • Elaborate tax and communication system
  • Traded gold, salt, slaves
  • Controlled the West African trade
  • 1591, defeated by Morocco
  • Ended the great West African kingdoms

18
Bantu Migrations
  • Migrated into Eastern Africa from the west
  • Subsistence farmers
  • Major trading posts
  • Mogadishu
  • Mombasa
  • Kilwa
  • Spoke

Swahili
19
Unifying aspect Bantu-speaking peoples provided
a linguistic base across Africa
1000 different languages 1000 different tribes
20
Zimbabwe
  • Wealthy stateless society
  • Independent villages ruled by clan leader
  • Prospered from the gold trade

21
Culture Society
  • Walled villages center of government
  • Markets contained goods from around the world
  • Lineage group sense of identity
  • Many matrilineal societies
  • Women could inherit
  • Community education and initiation

22
  • Pre-European Slave Trade
  • Existed since ancient times
  • Between 650-1000 CE, 4.5 million Africans
    transported to Southwest Asia (SWA)
  • 1st major development occurred in 7th Century
  • Berbers raided villages
  • Islamic traders traded goods for Africans
  • Transported them to SWA

Slavery
23
  • Many were captured in war, debtors, criminals
  • Manual labor
  • In Muslim African societies, slaves had legal
    rights and opportunities for social mobility
  • In Muslim countries, many earned their freedom

24
Religion
  1. Most were monotheistic
  2. Diviners predict the future

25
Traditional African Religion
ANIMISM
1. Belief in one remote Supreme Being.
2. A world of spirits (good bad) in all
things.
3. Ancestor veneration.
4. Belief in magic, charms, and fetishes.
5. Diviner ? mediator between the tribe
and God.
26
Art Culture
Art reflected religious themes
Griot oral storyteller
27
The trade in ___?____ across the Sahara was
probably next in importance to the gold trade for
the western Sudan, but not for the central Sudan.
There, because there was no gold, ___?____ were
the mainstay of the export commerce. -- William
D. Phillips, 1985
This excerpt is from a description of Islamic
trade from the seventh century to the fifteenth
century. Which word correctly completes the
excerpt? A camels B dates C weapons D slaves
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