The Ancient Egyptians

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Ancient Egypt
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Impact of Geography

• limestone and granite
• long lasting buildings
• long lasting art
• Nile River
• regular flooding positive view of life and
  afterlife
• floods great soil
• year round water for irrigation

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Fertile Nile River
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Annual Flooding of Nile River
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Impact of Climate

• arid climate
• hot sun
• large deserts
• dry climate

oil skin
make up for sun protection and black paint to
cut glare
obstacles to invaders
must irrigate crops
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Nile Irrigation - Shaduf
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Political Organization

• 3000 BC unification under King Narmer, first
  Egyptian dynasty centered at Memphis where Upper
  and lower Egypt meet.
• pharaoh
• pharaohs had absolute power and owned all land
  however, they were expected to behave morally and
  were judged on good deeds.
• theocracy
• pharaoh stood at center of religion, government,
  and army

god-king (son of Horus),
government run by religious leaders
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Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt
Scorpion King or Narmer
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Economic System

• traded agricultural surplus wheat barley (from
  Nile which provided silt)
• mining of large mineral deposits of copper which
  used for bronze tools. Gold and copper were mined
  by slaves which greatly enriched the royal
  treasury.
• had enough economic strength to support massive
  public works

Construction projects financed by the government
for the benefit and use of its citizens
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Religion

• polytheistic
• Akhenaton forces Egyptians to worship one god
  (monotheism) temporarily
• king believed to rule even after death through
  his/her ka therefore, tomb more important than
  earthly palace

belief in many gods
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Egyptian Creation Myth
The Goddess Nut
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Egyptian Gods and Goddesses
The Sacred Trinity
Osiris Isis
Horus
God of the Dead reincarnation of dead
God of the Dead transports the dead
Goddess of Marriage
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Preparations for the Underworld
ANUBIS weighs the dead persons heart against a
feather.
Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit
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Materials used in Mummification
all classes planned for their burials
1. Linen
6. Natron2. Sawdust
7. Onion3. Lichen
8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax
9. Linen Pads5. Resin
10. Frankinsense
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Preparation for Afterlife
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Egyptian Mummies
Ramses II1279-1212 B. C. E.
Seti I1291-1278 B. C. E.
Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C.
E.
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Journey to the Underworld
The dead travel on the Solar Bark.
A boat for the journey is provided for a dead
pharaoh in his tomb.
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Egyptian Book of the Dead
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The Final Judgement
Anubis
Horus Osiris
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Egyptian Social Hierarchy
slaves
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Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs
Tutankhamon1336-1327 B. C. E.
Thutmose III1504-1450 B. C. E.
Ramses II1279-1212 B. C. E.
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Egyptian Nobility
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Egyptian Priestly Class
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Egyptian Scribe
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Shabtis The Pharaohs Servants in the
Afterlife
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Inventions / Innovations
one of 3 writing systems developed by the
Egyptians for economic, royal, and administrative
info.

• hieroglyphics
• originally pictographs, but eventually pictures
  represented words as well as sounds
• calendar developed (365 days and 12 months)
• hieroglyphics written on papyrus
• Math
• system of written numbers
• basic geometry (to measure floods)
• Science
• Set broken bones
• Surgery
• checked pulse

a paper-like writing material created from the
papyrus plant that grows on the banks of the Nile.
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Hieroglyphics Alphabet
24 letters 700 phonetic symbols
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Papyrus gt paper
Hieratic Scroll Piece
Papyrus Plant
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Egyptian Math Draftsmenship

1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
What number is this?
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Architecture

• Pyramids tombs for pharaoh's afterlife
• built by peasants when Nile was flooded (not
  slaves)

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Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara
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Bent Pyramid of King Sneferu
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Giza Pyramid Complex
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Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu
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The Valley of the Kings
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Ancient Egyptian Housing
Middle Class Homes
Peasant Homes
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Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life
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Making Ancient Egyptian Beer
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Making Ancient Egyptian Wine
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An Egyptian Womans Must-Haves
Mirror
Perfume
Whigs
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Champollion the Rosetta Stone
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Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)
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Entrance to King Tuts Tomb
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King Tutankhamons Death Mask
1336-1327 B. C. E.
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King Tutankhamon
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King Tutankhamuns Tomb
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Treasures From Tuts Tomb
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The Valley of the Queens
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
1473-1458 B. C. E.
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The Ankh The Cross of Life
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QueenNefertiti
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Abu SimbelMonument to Ramses II
1279-1213 B. C. E.
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Who Are These Strange People?
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Routes of the Sea Peoples
The end of the Bronze Age!