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1
Andrew Jacksons election to the presidency in
1828 brings a new era of popular democracy.
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2
Politics of the People
The Election of 1824
Democratic-Republican party has four
presidential candidates - John Quincy Adams has
New Englands support - William Crawford has
Souths support - Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson
both have the Wests support
Jackson wins popular votes, fails to get
majority of electoral votes
House of Representatives chooses Adams
John Quincy Adams, 6th U.S. president. Portrait,
George Peter Alexander Healy.
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3
Jacksonian Democracy
Andrew Jackson feels 1824 election has been
stolen from him
Aims to win next election, helps to split
Democratic-Republican party
Split eventually creates 2 parties - Democrats
grow out of Jacksons supporters - National
Republicans grow from Adamss supporters
Continued . . .
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4
Continued Jacksonian Democracy
Jackson backs interests of common people,
supports majority rule
Jacksonian democracypolitical power for all
people, majority rule
Voting rights partially expanded under Thomas
Jeffersons presidency
Helps Jackson win election, hailed as triumph
for common people
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5
The Peoples President
Andrew Jackson, first president not from
aristocratic background
Grows up on frontier farm, fights in
Revolutionary War, taken prisoner
After war, becomes lawyer, hero in War of 1812
Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans on
January 8, 1815. Engraving (19th century).
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6
Jackson Takes Office
Andrew Jacksons wife, Rachel, dies soon after
he wins presidency
Jackson blames death on campaign attacks on
wifes reputation
Inauguration ceremony attracts people from all
levels of society
Crowd grows rowdy, forces Jackson to flee White
House
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7
A New Political Era Begins
Andrew Jackson replaces many government
officials with his supporters
Giving government jobs to political
backersspoils system
Opponents charge that spoils system corrupts
Jackson defends system, breaks up one groups
hold on government
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8
During Jacksons presidency, Native Americans
were forced to move west of the Mississippi
River.
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9
Jacksons Policy Toward Native Americans
Native Americans in the Southeast
In early 1800s, many Native Americans remain
east
Some whites hope Native Americans can adapt to
their way of life
Others want Native Americans to move out
Five Civilized Tribes Cherokee, Chickasaw,
Choctaw, Creek, Seminole - called civilized
because they have adopted some white culture
Tribes hold large areas of land
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10
The Cherokee Nation
Cherokee adopt white customs more than any
other Southeastern tribe
Own farms, cattle ranches, acquire written
language
Cherokee Sequoya invents Cherokee writing
system
Draw up constitution based on U.S.
Constitution, found Cherokee Nation
Gold is discovered on their lands, many whites
demand Cherokee move
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11
Jacksons Removal Policy
Andrew Jackson wants to move Native Americans
west of Mississippi
As Indian treaty commissioner, he makes
treaties with southeast tribes
As a result, U.S. government gains large
amounts of land
Jackson believes Native Americans have one of
two choices - adopt white culture, become U.S.
citizens - move into Western territories
Continued . . .
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12
Continued Jacksons Removal Policy
Gold found in Georgia, Southern states give
whites right to Cherokee land
Cherokee protest, President Andrew Jackson
supports states
Congress passes Indian Removal Act (1830)
which - requires Native Americans to relocate
west
Policy forever changes relations between
whites, Native Americans
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13
The Trail of Tears
Whites invade Native American homelands
Many Native Americans feel they have no choice
but to sign treaties
Treaties require tribes to move to Indian
Territory
Interactive
Indian Territorywhat is now Oklahoma, parts of
Kansas, Nebraska
Continued . . .
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14
Continued The Trail of Tears
Beginning in 1831, Southeast tribes relocate to
Indian Territory
Cherokee appeal decision to U.S. Supreme Court,
to protect land
Court upholds appeal, Andrew Jackson ignores it
U.S. troops force Cherokee to march west, fall,
winter of 18381839
Without adequate clothing, one-fourth of
Cherokees die
Harsh journey of the Cherokee, known as the
Trail of Tears
Cherokee people enduring the forced migration and
harsh journey known as the Trail of Tears
(18381839). Art, Robert Lindneux.
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15
Native American Resistance
Soldiers round up Cherokee named Tsali, his
family
On way to stockade, they fight, soldier killed
Tsali, family flee to North Carolina, meet
other Cherokees
Agrees to surrender if Cherokee allowed to
remain on their land
Surrenders, he, sons (except youngest) shot,
some Cherokee remain
Continued . . .
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16
Continued Native American Resistance
Seminole refuse to leave Florida (1835), leads
to Second Seminole War
Seminole leader Osceola, followers use surprise
attacks on U.S. army
Osceola is tricked into capture, dies in prison
Some Seminole continue to fight in the
Everglades, others move west
Sauk chief Black Hawk leads Sauk, Fox back to
their lands in Illinois
During the Black Hawk War, U.S. troops crush
Black Hawks uprising
Osceola, Seminole leader. Lithograph (1842).
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17
Jackson struggles to keep Southern states from
breaking away from the Union over the issue of
tariffs.
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18
Conflicts over States Rights
Rising Sectional Differences
In 1829, U.S. pulled apart by conflicts among
its three main sections - the Northeast - the
South - the West
Northeasterners do not want public land in West
sold at low prices
Cheap land attracts workers needed in Northeast
factories
Westerners want cheap land in the West to
attract settlers
Continued . . .
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19
Continued Rising Sectional Differences
Northeast, West back internal improvement such
as roads, canals
Aids transportation of food, raw materials,
manufactured goods
South opposes internal improvement funded by
tariffs on imports
South opposes tariffs, economy depends on
foreign trade
Northeast supports tariffs, encourages purchase
of domestic products
Erie Canal construction at Lockport, New York, in
1825. Lithograph (1825).
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20
Tariff of Abominations
At end of John Quincy Adamss presidency,
Congress passes tariff bill
Significantly raises tariffs on raw materials,
manufactured goods
Angered by tariff bill, southerners call it
Tariff of Abominations
Southerners claim Northeast interests control
government policies
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21
Crisis over Nullification
Vice-president John C. Calhoun creates doctrine
of nullification - state has right to reject
federal law it considers unconstitutional - any
state can nullify (reject) a federal law within
its borders - Congress has no right to pass
tariff favoring one area of nation
Doctrine gives South Carolina the right to
nullify the tariff
Calhoun hopes doctrine will stop South Carolina
from leaving the Union
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22
The States Right Debate
Senate debates doctrine of nullification,
Webster-Hayne debate (1830)
Senator Robert Y. Hayne, South Carolina,
supports nullification - gives states a lawful
way to defend their freedom
Senator Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, opposes
nullification - the people not the states make
the Union
President Andrew Jackson opposes nullification
Daniel Webster, American lawyer and statesman.
Portrait (19th century).
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23
South Carolina Threatens to Secede
Congress reduces tariff (1832), Southerners not
satisfied
South Carolina threatens secessionwithdrawal
from the Union
Andrew Jackson says he will enforce federal
laws
Congress passes compromise tariff (1833), South
Carolina stays in Union
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24
Jacksons policies caused the economy to collapse
after he left office and affected the next
election.
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25
Prosperity and Panic
Mr. Biddles Bank
The Second Bank of the United States, most
powerful bank in country
Policies of Banks president, Nicholas Biddle,
controls nations money
Andrew Jackson thinks bank has too much power,
favors the wealthy
In 1832, Biddle asks Congress to renew the
banks charter
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26
Jacksons War on the Bank
Andrew Jackson vetoes renewal of banks charter
Claims bank is unconstitutional, a monopoly
that favors the few
In his second term, Jackson sets out to destroy
the bank
Has government funds deposited in state banks
Biddle fights back, makes it harder for people
to borrow money
Bank goes out of business, economy suffers
Political cartoon of President Jackson fighting a
many-headed monsterthe Second Bank of the United
States and its brancheswith a cane labeled
"VETO."
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27
Prosperity Becomes Panic
People take out loans, banks issue too much
paper money
Makes each dollar worth less, prices rise
Causes inflationan increase in prices and
decrease in money value
Jackson leaves office, nation has a false
prosperity
Continued . . .
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28
Continued Prosperity Becomes Panic
Next president, Martin Van Buren, takes office,
economic panic spreads
Fear about economy known as Panic of 1837
People demand gold, silver in exchange for
paper money, banks run out
Banks default, severe economic slump, or
depression, follows
90 percent of factories in East close, people
go hungry
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29
The Rise of the Whig Party
Senators Henry Clay, Daniel Webster want
government to help economy
Martin Van Buren disagrees, economy will
improve if left alone
At next election, Van Buren faces new political
party, the Whig Party
Whigs oppose concentration of power in the
president
Choose William Henry Harrison to run for
president
Choose John Tyler to run for vice-president
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30
The Election of 1840
William Henry Harrison appeals to common
people, wins 1840 election
Dies one month after being inaugurated
First president to die in office
Vice-president John Tyler becomes president
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