Joints

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Joints
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Joint (AKA Articulation)

• A point of contact between bones, between
  cartilage and bone or between teeth and bone

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More Definitions

• Arthrology The study of joints
• Kinesiology study of the movement of the human
  body
• Rheumatology the field of medicine devoted to
  joint diseases and related conditions

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Classification of Joints

• Structural Classification classified by the
  presence or absence of space between bones and
  the type of connective tissue that binds them
  together
• Functional Classification related to the degree
  of movement it permits

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Structural Classifications

• Fibrous Joints
• Cartilaginous Joints
• Synovial Joints

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Functional Classifications

• Synarthrosis immovable joint
• Amphiarthrosis slightly moveable joint
• Diarthrosis Freely movable joint

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Fibrous Joints

• Bones are held together by fibrous connective
  tissue that is rich in collagen fibers
• No synovial cavity

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Fibrous joints

• Permits little or no movement
• Suture connect bones of the skull
• Syndesmosis the distance between the 2 bones is
  greater than in a suture. Ex between tibia and
  fibula
• Gomphosis a cone shaped peg (tooth) fits into a
  cavity (socket)

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Cartilaginous Joints

• The bones are held together by cartilage
• No synovial cavity

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Cartilaginous Joints

• Allows little or no movement
• Synchondrosis the connecting material is
  hyaline cartilage. Ex - epiphyseal plate
• Symphysis ends of the bones are covered with
  articular cartilage but the cones are connected
  by a broad flat disc of fibrocartilage. Ex
  pubic symphysis

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Synovial Joints

• Bones have a synovial cavity and are united by a
  dense irregular connective tissue and accessory
  ligaments

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Synovial joints

• Unique Characteristics
• Synovial cavity
• Articular cartilage
• Articular capsule
• Fibrous capsule outer layer (can form
  ligaments)
• Synovial membrane areolar connective tissue
  with elastic fibers
• Synovial Fluid secreted by the synovial
  membrane. It lubricates the joint, supplies
  nutrients and removes metabolic waste.

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Synovial joints

• Accessory Ligaments ligaments that are both
  inside and outside the articular capsule (ex
  collateral ligaments of the knee)
• Menisci pads of fibrocartilage that lie between
  articular surfaces of the bones and attach to the
  fibrous capsule
• Allows 2 bones of different shapes to fit more
  tightly
• Bursa saclike structures between skin and bone
  or between tendons and bones situated to reduce
  friction

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Torn Meniscus

• The tearing of the cartilage in the knee is
  common among athletes. Damaged cartilage can
  wear away the joint and eventually develop into
  arthritis. The surgical repair of the knee may
  be assisted by arthroscopy (a small lighted tool
  is inserted into the knee for visualization)

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Types of Synovial Joints

• Planar intercarpal, intertarsal,
  sternoclavicular
• Hinge knee, elbow, ankle, fingers
• Pivot atlanoaxial, radioulnar
• Condyloid wrist and metacarpals
• Saddle wrist and thumb
• Ball and Socket shoulder, hips

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SEE ALSO PAGE 163 IN THE TEXT BOOK FOR VERY GOOD
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SYNOVIAL JOINTS