TISSUES

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TISSUES
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I. Introduction

• Basics
• Tissues
• Group of cells with similar structure and
  function
• 2. The study of tissues
• Histology

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I. Introduction

• Basics
• 3.Tissues consist of two
  components
• a) cells
• b) extracellular matrix of
• water
• small solutes
• fibrous proteins

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I. Introduction

• There are 4 tissue types
• 1.      Epithelial tissue
• protection
• 2.      Connective tissue
• support
• 3.      Muscle tissue
• movement
• 4.      Neural tissue
• control

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II. Epithelial Tissue

• A. Location
• includes outer layer of skin
• lines the tubes and open cavities of the
  digestive and respiratory systems
• lines blood vessels heart

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II. Epithelial Tissue

• A. Location
• covers walls organs of ventral body cavity
• forms glands sense organs

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II. Epithelial Tissue

• B. Functions
• 1.  Protects from mechanical chemical injury
• 2.  Protects against bacterial invasion
• 3. Filters, absorbs, secretes

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II. Epithelial Tissue

• C. Description
• tightly packed cells
• little or not visible matrix
• may have singular or multiple layers

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C. Description

• has a free surface
• is firmly attatched to a basement membrane
• 6. can divide rapidly (regeneration)

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C. Description

• is avascular
• receive nutrients by diffusion

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D. Classification

• 1.  Number of cell layers
• a. Simple

• Function absorption, secretion, filtration

• single layer of cells each cell extends from
  the basement membrane to the free surface.

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D. Classification

• 1.  Number of cell layers

• b. Stratified
• more than one layer of cells
• only one layer is adjacent to the basement
  membrane.
• high stress areas

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D. Classification

• 1.  Number of cell layers
• c. Pseudostratified

• 1 layer of cells
• Each cell touches basement membrane
• Appears stratified

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II. Epithelium

• D. Classification
• 1. Number of cells
• 2. Cell Shape

• a.  Squamous
• Squashed, scale like
• Flat nucleus

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2. Cell Shape b.  Cuboidal

• Squarish or hexagonal in profile
• Nucleus round centrally located

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D. Classification

• 1. Layers
• Cell Shape a. Squamous
• b. Cuboidal c.  Columnar

• longer than wide
• cylindrical
• nucleus near basement membrane

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D. Classification

• 2.  Cell Shape
• d. Transitional
• combination of shapes
• tolerates stretching

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II. Epithelial Tissue

• E. Endothelium
• 1.  Covers and lines
• a) heart
• b) blood vessels
• 2. Simple squamous
• slick thin
• capillaries are permeable

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II. Epithelial Tissue

• F. Epithelial Membranes
• 1.  Epithelium connective tissue small
  organs
• 2. Mucosae membranes
• Line organs, body cavities
• Open to exterior
• Respiratory, digestive urogenital

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F. Epithelial Membranes

• 2. Mucosae membranes
• Lining of mouth stratified squamous
• Lg Sm Intestine columnar

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F. Epithelial Membranes

• 3. Serosa
• Lines ventral, visceral, parietal cavities

walls of air sacs in lungs simple squamous
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F. Epithelial Membranes

• 3. Synovial
• Lines joints
• cushions, protects

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G. Cutaneous Epithelium

• 1. Is the skin
• Keratinized, dry epidermis
• 2. Epidermis is stratified squamous

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II. Epithelium

• H. Glandular Epithelium
• 1.  Characteristics
• a) cells specialized to produce and
  secrete substances
• b) cells typically columnar or cuboidal
• c) Kinds
• Endocrine Exocrine

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H. Glandular Epithelium

• 2.  Endocrine
• a) produce hormones which
• regulate or coordinate other cells

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H. Glandular Epithelium

• 2.  Endocrine
• b) ductless
• release secretions into the blood

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H. Glandular Epithelium

• 2.  Endocrine
• c) Examples thyroid, pituitary,
  adrenal

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THYROID GLAND
LUMEN
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H. Glandular Epithelium

• 3.  Exocrine
• a) release secretions into the into ducts
  
• b) Examples salivary, mammary,
• sweat,
• oil

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E. Glandular Epithelium

• 3.  Exocrine
• c) Structure
• simple - unbranched
• compound branched

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E. Glandular Epithelium

• 3.  Exocrine
• c) Structure
• tubular uniform diameter

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E. Glandular Epithelium

• 3.  Exocrine
• c) Structure
• acinar secretory cells in sac at
  end

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E. Glandular Epithelium

• 3.  Exocrine
• c) Structure
• tubuloacinar
• secretory cells in both sac and
  tube

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Connective TissueThe most abundant tissue

• A. Functions
• bind structures together
• tendons
• provide support
• bones
• protection
• cartilage
• insulation
• fat

• transportation
• blood

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III. Connective Tissue

• B. Description
• cells scattered among fibers and matrix
• intercellular material
• Vascular to avascular
• Cells capable of division

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III. Connective Tissue

• C. Kinds of Fibers (Protein)
• Collagen
• Strong flexible
• Reticular
• Fine branching fibers form supporting framework
• Elastic
• stong elastic

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III. Connective Tissue

• D. Kinds of Cells
• Fibroblast
• Makes fibers matrix
• Fibrocyte
• Mature fibroblast
• 3. Macrophage
• Defense, phagocytosis
• Plasma cell
• Makes antibodies

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III. Connective Tissue

• D. Kinds of Cells
• 5. Mast Cells
• Release heparin (anti-coagulant)
• Release histamine (dilates small blood vessels)
• 6. Fat Cells
• Mature fibroblast

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III. Connective Tissue

• E. Areolar connective tissue 1. Structure

• collagenous elastic fibers
• all 6 types of connective tissue cells
• filmy matrix

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III. Connective Tissue

• E. Areolar connective tissue 2. Function

• Covers organs
• Holds vessels nerves in place
• 2nd line of defense

• Location
• Mucous membranes
• Under skin
• Between tissues of organs

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III. Connective Tissue

• F. Dense connective tissue

• Structure
• Collagen fibers
• Fibroblasts and macrophages
• Dense matrix

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III. Connective Tissue

• F. Dense connective tissue

• Function
• Provide strength

• Location
• Tendons
• Ligaments

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III. Connective Tissue

• G. Elastic connective tissue

• Structure
• elastic fibers
• Few fibroblasts

• Function
• Allows stretching

• Location
• Lungs
• Trachea
• Arteries

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III. Connective Tissue

• H. Reticular connective tissue

• Structure
• Reticular fibers
• Thin matrix

• Function
• Hold cells of loose organs together

• Location
• Liver
• Spleen
• Bone marrow

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III. Connective Tissue

• I. Adipose connective tissue

• Structure
• collagenous elastic fibers
• all 6 types of connective tissue cells
• Fibroblasts specialize in fat production

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III. Connective Tissue

• I. Adipose connective tissue

• Function
• Food reserve
• Prevent loss of body heat

• Location
• Around most organs
• Beneath skin
• Marrow of long bones

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III. Connective Tissue

• J. Cartilage

• General Characteristics
• Chondrocytes
• matrix is semisolid to solid gel
• lacuna - a depression in matrix which houses
  chondrocytes
• perichondrium - connective tissue membrane around
  cartilage
• no blood supply

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III. Connective Tissue

• J. Cartilage

• Kinds
• Hyaline
• Tip of nose
• Sternum
• Growth plate of bones
• Developing embryo

Stiff but flexible
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III. Connective Tissue

• J. Cartilage

• Kinds
• Fibrocartilage very tough
• Between vertebrae
• Pubic symphysis

• Elastic cartilage very flexible
• External ear
• Larynx
• Eustachian tubes

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III. Connective Tissue

• K. Bone

• General Characteristics
• organic matter - 35 (cells
  fibers)

• inorganic material - 65
• (matrix
• calcium salts)

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III. Connective Tissue

• K. Bone

• 2. Types of bone cells
• osteocytes - maintenance of matrix
• osteoblasts - bone forming cells
• osteoclasts - destroy bone matrix

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III. Connective Tissue

• K. Bone

• 3. arranged into concentric rings called
  Haversian systems
• lamella - concentric ring of matrix
                               

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III. Connective Tissue

• K. Bone

• 3. arranged into concentric rings called
  Haversian systems
• lacuna - openings between lamellae for osteocytes

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III. Connective Tissue

• K. Bone

• 3. arranged into concentric rings called
  Haversian systems
• osteocytes - mature bone cell

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III. Connective Tissue

• K. Bone

• 3. arranged into concentric rings called
  Haversian systems
• Haversian canal - in center of lamella houses
  vessels

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III. Connective Tissue

• J. Bone

• 3. arranged into concentric rings called
  Haversian systems
• Canaliculi - radiating channels between lacuna
  and Haversian canal for nutrients and wastes  
                    

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III. Connective Tissue

• K. Bone

• 3. arranged into concentric rings called
  Haversian systems
• Volkmann canal - crosswise canals from Haversian
  canal to exterior containing blood vessels
  and nerves

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IV. Connective Tissue

• L. Blood

• Characteristics
• Only fluid tissue
• Fluid matrix called plasma
• Dissolved fibers in plasma
• Cells

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• Cells
• erythrocytes (RBC) carries O2 CO2
• leukocytes (WBC)
• immunity, defense
• thrombocytes (platelets) blood clotting
• lymph takes interstitial fluid back to blood,
  immunity

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IV. Connective Tissue

• L. Blood

• Location
• within blood vessels
• Function
• transport of gases, nutrients, wastes

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V. Muscle Tissue

• A. Contractile Tissue Produces

1. Movement
2. Heat

B. 3 Kinds
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V. Muscle Tissue
B. 3 Kinds

• Skeletal

• Striated
• Voluntary
• multiple nuclei

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V. Muscle Tissue
B. 3 Kinds

• 2. Smooth
• non striated
• Involuntary
• spindle shaped
• walls of visceral organs

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B. 3 Kinds

• 3. Cardiac
• Striated
• Involuntary
• Branching cells
• intercalated discs between cells
• heart
• can't divide or replace cells if injured

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VI. Neural Tissue
A. Function

• conduction of information or instructions in the
  form of electrical impulses

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VI. Neural Tissue
B. 2 Kinds of Cells

• neurons
• Conducting cells
• can't divide,
• 100,000 brain cells lost daily!
• neuroglia
• support, nourish neurons
• limited repair of axons

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VI. Neural Tissue
C. Typical Neuron

1. dendrites
2. soma
3. axon
4. synapse

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VII. HOMEOSTASIS TISSUES
A. Inflammatory Response

1. Inflammation produces swelling, redness, heat,
   tenderness, and a loss of function at the
   inflamed site.
2. An infection is an inflammation produced by an
   invading organism, such as a bacterium.

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B. Inflammatory Response

• Sequence of Events
• homeostasis disturbed ?
• mast cells release chemicals ?
• blood flow and permeability increases ?
• clot formation isolates area ? phagocytes remove
  debris and microorganisms ? homeostasis returns

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