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Why Speak?

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Why Speak? Suggestions for Speech Conclusions Jim Peterson, on his website – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Why Speak?


1
Why Speak?
2
Why Speak?
  • Dale Carnegie said, There are four ways, and
    only four ways, in which we have contact with the
    world. We are evaluated and classified by these
    four contacts
  • What we do,
  • how we look,
  • what we say, and
  • how we say it.

3
Appeal to Human Interests
4
Appeal to Human Interests
  • What is the human element of this topic?

5
Appeal to Human Interests
  • What is the human element of this topic?
  • Why will people care?

6
Appeal to Human Interests
  • What is the human element of this topic?
  • Why will people care?
  • Why is it important for them to listen?

7
Appeal to Human Interests
  • What is the human element of this topic?
  • Why will people care?
  • Why is it important for them to listen?
  • What do I want them to do? (Clinton 146-153)

8
Preplanning Stages
9
Preplanning Stages
  • Analyze the occasion and the audience

10
Preplanning Stages
  • Analyze the occasion and the audience
  • Select the subject

11
Preplanning Stages
  • Analyze the occasion and the audience
  • Select the subject
  • Determine the exact purpose

12
Preplanning Stages
  • Analyze the occasion and the audience
  • Select the subject
  • Determine the exact purpose
  • Research and gather material(Zelko and Zelko 31)

13
The Audience Perspective
  • As early as the first few seconds, each listener
    in your audience asks and answers three
    questions
  • Does the speaker care about me and my situation?
  • Is the speaker credible?
  • Does the speaker have something to say worth
    listening to? (Cook 57)

14
Constructing the Speech
  • Joan Detz, in her book How to Write and Give a
    Speech, claims speech writers only have to do two
    things to write a good speech
  • Make it simple,
  • and
  • Make it short. (29)

15
Constructing the Speech
  • Then she says, to write a great speech speech
    writers should
  • Make it simpler,
  • and
  • Make it shorter (29).

16
Basic Speech Components
  • The Introduction
  • The Body
  • The Conclusion

Introduction
Body
Conclusion
17
The Speech Introduction
18
Functions of a Speech Introduction
19
Functions of a Speech Introduction
  • 1. Get the attention of your audience.
  • 2. State your topic.
  • 3. Establish the importance of your topic.
  • 4. Establish your credibility to speak on your
    topic.
  • 5. Preview the key ideas of your speech. (Grice
    and Skinner 220)
  • 6. End with a strong thesis statementa sentence
  • that summarizes the central idea of the
    speech.

20
Get the attention of your audience.
  • Here are 16 suggestions for starting your
    introduction!

21
Introduction Suggestion 1
  • Start with a grabberan anecdote, a startling
    statistic, a quotation, a personal observation, a
    literary, historical, or biblical allusion. Use
    whatever it takes to get the audiences
    attention. Give them a good taste of whats to
    come (Detz 29).

22
Introduction Suggestion 2
  • It can be risky to begin a speech with a joke.
    If it falls flat, youre off to a terrible start,
    so dont use a joke unless you are absolutely
    sure you can deliver it well (29).

23
Introduction Suggestion 3
  • Never, never, open by saying something like, I
    heard a really funny story today. It doesnt
    have anything to do with my speech, but at least
    itll give you a good laugh(29).

24
Introduction Suggestion 4
  • Praise the audience letting them know that the
    speaker values his or her audience and their
    abilities (29).

25
Introduction Suggestion 5
  • Make a reference to the date by finding out what
    significant, important, or memorable event
    happened on the same day the speech is being
    given (30).

26
Introduction Suggestion 6
  • Ask some questions to help engage the audience.
    Rhetorical questions also work well. (30)

27
Introduction Suggestion 7
  • Use local details because audiences, like
    individuals, enjoy hearing information about
    themselves and this strategy demonstrates to the
    audience that the speaker has a genuine interest
    in his or her audience. (31)

28
Introduction Suggestion 8
  • Cite your credentialsor your personal
    credentialsor, even better, both to add
    credibility to the you, and in turn, to your
    words (30)

29
Introduction Suggestion 9
  • Arouse your audiences curiosity by creating an
    element of suspense (Grice and Skinner 223).

30
Introduction Suggestion 10
  • Stimulate your audiences imagination by engaging
    the minds of your listeners. To do this a
    speaker must know what referents the audience
    shares, and this requires some good audience
    analysis (224).

31
Introduction Suggestion 11
  • Promise your audience something beneficial
    because an audience will listen more carefully to
    messages that are in their self-interest (224)

32
Introduction Suggestion 12
  • Refer directly to the subject of your talk
    especially if the speaker has already been
    introduced and his purpose for speaking has been
    previously made clear to the audience. (Cook 58)

33
Introduction Suggestion 13
  • Begin with a story or illustration,especially
    stories that are true, personal, and directly
    related to the point of the speech (59).

34
Introduction Suggestion 14
  • Amuse your audience (Grice and Skinner 225).

35
Introduction Suggestion 15
  • Energize your audience (227).

36
Introduction Suggestion 16
  • Combinations of techniques are effective (Cook
    63).

37
State your topic.
  • The best speech introduction is short and simple.
  • After the attention getter, the speaker should
    state his or her topic or purpose in presenting a
    speech.
  • The informative speech can begin with a simple
    declarative sentence. (Grice and Skinner 228)

38
Establish the importance of your topic
  • The speaker, by providing examples, facts or
    statistics, must find a way to demonstrate the
    significance, or relevance, of his or her topic
    to the audience.
  • The successful speaker needs to motivate the
    audience into listening to the speech.

39
Establish your credibility to speak on your topic
  • The audience will want to know why they should
    believe and accept what the speaker has to say.
  • To do so, speakers may list their credentials or
    draw upon their own personal experiences with the
    topic.

40
Preview the key ideas of your speech
  • By providing the listeners with a few directions
    in the introduction, audience members will have a
    clear idea of the path they will be traveling
    along as the speaker guides them to their
    destination, which is the speechs conclusion.
  • Ideally, the forecast should consist of three
    main points the speaker wants to highlight during
    his or her speech and should require no more than
    two to three sentences.

41
End Intro with Strong Thesis
42
End Intro with Strong Thesis
  • The thesis statement does three things
  • It tells your audience what kind of speech to
    expectan informational speech, a persuasive
    speech, a humorous speech.
  • It sets the tone of your presentationmatter-of-fa
    ct, enthusiastic, light-hearted, somber.
  • It contains a hint, a seed, a suggestion, or even
    a direct statement of how the speaker intends to
    proceed. (Cook 67)

43
Advice for Introduction
  • Professional speechwriter Joan Detz suggests, If
    you concentrate on one central idea, your
    audience will stand a better chance of
    understanding you, but, if you try to say
    everything, your audience will come away with
    nothing. (34)

44
The Speech Body
45
Organizational Strategy 1
  • Logical or topical the speech topic is organized
    by ideas or topics that flow together in a
    logical order. (Payne and Carlin 88)

46
Organizational Strategy 2
  • Chronologicalthe speech topic is organized in a
    time sequence frame. (88)

47
Organizational Strategy 3
  • Spatialthe speech topic is organized using an
    actual place or space as a point of reference.
    (88)

48
Organizational Strategy 4
  • Classificationthe speech topic is broken up
    into specific categories based on classification
    or sometimes rank, as in a caste system or a
    school class rank.(88)

49
Organizational Strategy 5
  • Problem-solutionthe speech topic is includes a
    problem and possible solutions are suggested. (88)

50
Organizational Strategy 6
  • Need Plan-Divisionthe speech topic is presented
    in a variation of the problem-solution method.
    The speaker presents a problem, a proposal for a
    solution, shows how the solution will work, and
    then suggests a plan of action for achieving the
    solution. (Grice and Skinner 208)

51
Organizational Strategy 7
  • Cause-effectthe speech topic presents a problem
    and its effects because A happens, its effect
    is B. (Payne and Carlin 88)

52
Organizational Strategy 8
  • Extended Metaphorthe speech topic is presented
    and compared to an idea, allowing the speaker to
    present a great deal of information. (Cook 71)

53
Organizational Strategy 9
  • Numerical Orderthe speech topic is presented
    from highest to lowest, or lowest to highest.
    (Detz 35)

54
Organizational Strategy 10
  • Geographical Ordersimilar to spatial order, the
    speech topic is presented using geographical
    references as an organizational strategy. (35)

55
Organizational Strategy 11
  • Alphabetical OrderWhy not? The alphabetical
    order will certainly help the audience stay on
    track. (36)

56
Organizational Strategy 12
  • Psychological OrderThe speech topic is based
    upon the audiences needs. Find out what will
    they find most acceptable? Most important?
  • Most interesting? Put that first.
  • (36)

57
Organizational Strategy 13
  • Pro-Con DivisionThe speech topic is presented in
    a series of pros and cons. (Grice and Skinner 206)

58
Organizational Strategy 14
  • Mnemonic or Gimmick DivisionThe speech topic is
    broken up so that each element of the body is
    presented in a way that spells out the first
    letter of a word. (207)

59
The Organizing Question
  • To determine the best organizing strategy, the
    speech writer should create an organizing
    question, a question that when answered,
    indicates the ideas and information necessary to
    develop the speech topic. (201)
  • During the research and speech construction
    process, the speaker should determine what
    information will help answer the organizational
    question.

60
Developing Key Ideas
  • The 4s Strategy of Developing Key Ideas
  • 1. Signpost the idea.
  • 2. State the idea.
  • 3. Support the idea.
  • 4. Summarize the idea. (209)

61
The Speech Conclusion
62
Function of Speech Conclusion
  • The speechs conclusion serves the following
    function
  • 1. Summarize your key ideas.
  • 2. Activate audience response.
  • 3. Provide closure. (232)

63
Suggestions for Speech Conclusion
  • Scott Cook in his book, The Elements of
    Speechwriting and Public Speaking, suggests
  • Five Ways to End a Speech
  • 1. End with a brief story that illustrates your
  • main point
  • 2. End with a quotation or ringing phrase
  • 3. Conclude with a poem
  • 4. End with an example of your theme
  • 5. Summarize your main ideas (87-90)

64
Suggestions for Speech Conclusion
  • Joan Detz, in her book How to Write and Give a
    Speech, makes one of the most direct comments
    about a speechs conclusion
  • Your conclusion may be the only thing the
    audience remembers, so make it memorable

65
Suggestions for Speech Conclusions
  • 1. Use compelling imagery.
  • 2. Share your personal philosophy.
  • 3. Tie your theme to an anniversary.
  • 4. Tell a humorous story to illustrate your
  • point.
  • 5. End with a strong rhetorical question.
  • 6.  End with words that sound strong.
  • 7.  End with a strong Commitment. (41-44)

66
Suggestions for Speech Conclusions
  • Jim Peterson, on his website "4750 Speech
    Topics" makes these suggestions for concluding a
    speech
  • Conclusion writing can also be explained as
    offering the so-called moral of the story
  • Restate the problem and provide your solution in
    two sentences.
  • Show a benefit or valuable application.
  • Give the ultimate answer on some big question or
    issue you proposed earlier or at the opening of
    your speech presentation.
  • Offer them 'how to do it' steps visualize a
    course, sequence or time path of action.

67
Suggestions for Speech Conclusions
  • Reaffirm the connection between the needs and
    interests of the listeners and your speech
    topics.

68
Suggestions for Speech Conclusions
  • Close with a dramatic but appropriate statement
    based on emotional appeals.
  • Examples
  • Finish with a heart-felt human interest story or
    personal experience anecdote.
  • Connect the public speaking topics with the
    everyday feelings and lives of your public
    speaking audience.
  • Recite a couple of lines from a nostalgic song,
    poem or quotation from a historical speech and
    refer to its similarities.
  • State a slogan transform your central motto,
    idea or principle into an easy to remember
    one-liner.

69
Practice for success!
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