Notable Practitioners in the Social Sciences

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Notable Practitioners in the Social Sciences
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Carl Jung

• The functions
• Whether we are introverts or extroverts, we need
  to deal with the world, inner and outer. And each
  of us has our preferred ways of dealing with it,
  ways we are comfortable with and good at. Jung
  suggests there are four basic ways, or functions
  
• The first is sensing. Sensing means what it says
  getting information by means of the senses. A
  sensing person is good at looking and listening
  and generally getting to know the world. Jung
  called this one of the irrational functions,
  meaning that it involved perception rather than
  judging of information.
• The second is thinking. Thinking means evaluating
  information or ideas rationally, logically. Jung
  called this a rational function, meaning that it
  involves decision making or judging, rather than
  simple intake of information.
• The third is intuiting. Intuiting is a kind of
  perception that works outside of the usual
  conscious processes. It is irrational or
  perceptual, like sensing, but comes from the
  complex integration of large amounts of
  information, rather than simple seeing or
  hearing. Jung said it was like seeing around
  corners.
• The fourth is feeling. Feeling, like thinking, is
  a matter of evaluating information, this time by
  weighing one's overall, emotional response. Jung
  calls it rational, obviously not in the usual
  sense of the word.
• We all have these functions. We just have them in
  different proportions, you might say. Each of us
  has a superior function, which we prefer and
  which is best developed in us, a secondary
  function, which we are aware of and use in
  support of our superior function, a tertiary
  function, which is only slightly less developed
  but not terribly conscious, and an inferior
  function, which is poorly developed and so
  unconscious that we might deny its existence in
  ourselves.
• Most of us develop only one or two of the
  functions, but our goal should be to develop all
  four. Once again, Jung sees the transcendence of
  opposites as the ideal.

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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

• This test is an example of how Jungs theory has
  been applied in the business world. Here is an
  example
• Myers-Briggs Test

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Carl Jung's Archetypes To further help you in
uncovering the meaning of your dreams, Jung noted
certain dream symbols that possess the same
universal meaning for all men and women. He terms
this phenomenon the "collective unconscious".
While dreams are personal, your personal
experiences often touch on universal themes and
symbols. These symbols are believed to occur in
every culture throughout history. Jung identifies
seven such symbols in what is referred to as the
major archetypal characters
1. The Persona is the image you present to the
world in your waking life. It is your public
mask. In the dream world, the persona is
represented by the Self.  The Self may or may not
resemble you physically or may or may not behave
as your would. For example, the persona can
appear as a scarecrow or a beggar in your dream.
However, you still know that this "person" in
your dream is you.
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2. The Shadow is the rejected and repressed
aspects of yourself. It is the part of yourself
that you do not want the world to see because it
is ugly or unappealing. It symbolizes weakness,
fear, or anger. In dreams, this figure is
represented by a stalker, murderer, a bully, or
pursuer. It can be a frightening figure or even a
close friend or relative.  Their appearance often
makes you angry or leaves you scared. They force
you to confront things that you don't want to see
or hear. You must learn to accept the shadow
aspect of yourself for its messages are often for
your own good, even though it may not be
immediately apparent.
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3. The Anima / Animus is the female and male
aspects of yourself. Everyone possess both
feminine and masculine qualities. In dreams, the
anima appears as a highly feminized figure, while
the animus appears as a hyper masculine form. Or
you may dream that you are dressed in women's
clothing, if you are male or that you grow a
beard, if you are female. These dream imageries
appear depending on how well you are able to
integrate the feminine and masculine qualities
within yourself. They serve as a reminder that
you must learn to acknowledge or express your
masculine (be more assertive) or feminine side
(be more emotional).
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4. The Divine Child is your true self in its
purest form. It not only symbolizes your
innocence, your sense of vulnerability, and your
helplessness, but it represents your aspirations
and full potential. You are open to all
possibilities. In the dreamscape, this figure is
represented by a baby or young child. 
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5. The Wise Old Man /Woman is the helper in your
dreams. Represented by a teacher, father, doctor,
priest or some other unknown authority figure,
they serve to offer guidance and words of
wisdom. They appear in your dream to steer and
guide you into the right direction.
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6. The Great Mother is the nurturer. The Great
Mother appears in your dreams as your own mother,
grandmother, or other nurturing figure. She
provides you with positive reassurance.
Negatively, they may be depicted as a witch or
old bag lady in which case they can be associated
with seduction, dominance and death. This
juxtaposition is rooted in the belief by some
experts that the real mother who is the giver of
life is also at the same time jealous of our
growth away from her.
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7. The Trickster, as the name implies, plays
jokes to keep you from taking yourself too
seriously. The trickster may appear in your dream
when you have overreach or misjudge a situation.
Or he could find himself in your dream when you
are uncertain about a decision or about where you
want to go in life.  The trickster often makes
you feel uncomfortable or embarrassed, sometimes
mocking you or exposing  you to your
vulnerabilities. He may take on subtle forms,
sometimes even changing its shape.
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Archetypal dreams, also refer to as "mythic
dreams", "great dreams" or "grand dreams",
usually occur at significant times or
transitional periods in your life. They often
leave you with a sense of awe or that you have
learned something important about yourself. Such
dreams have a cosmic quality or an element of
impossibility if occurred in reality. They are
often extremely vivid and stay in your mind long
after you had the dream.
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B. F. Skinner

• Operant Conditioning
• The theory of B.F. Skinner is based upon the idea
  that learning is a function of change in overt
  behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of
  an individual's response to events (stimuli) that
  occur in the environment. A response produces a
  consequence such as defining a word, hitting a
  ball, or solving a math problem. When a
  particular Stimulus-Response (S-R) pattern is
  reinforced (rewarded), the individual is
  conditioned to respond. Positive vs. Negative
  Reinforcement

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Abraham Maslow
All humans have needs in which they try to
satisfy. These needs range from basic
necessities of life to more complex emotional and
spiritual fulfillment. According to Maslow these
needs are arranged in hierarchical fashion. When
we have satisfied the need at one level of the
hierarchy, rather than becoming satisfied
overall, we tend to move on and try to satisfy
the need at the next level. Very few humans
reach the point of self-actualization.
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Marion Woodman

• The effect of the patriarchal system has
  negatively affected women and men and in order
  for positive change to occur both sexes must free
  themselves from patriarchal thinking.
• Holistic approaches to treating the psyche must
  accompany traditional scientific methods. Marion
  Woodman - "The Damage of Patriarchy" on Vimeo

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Immanuel Wallerstein

• Capitalism is the major force responsible for the
  proliferation of a nation. Countries that are
  deeply rooted in the capitalist system are in the
  core. They exploit the countries in the
  periphery through imbalanced trade practices.
  Countries between these two are in the
  semi-periphery. Movement between these regions
  is very slow.

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W.E.B. Du Bois

• He attributed the crime increase after the Civil
  War to the "increased complexity of life,"
  competition for jobs in industry (especially with
  the recent Irish immigrants), and the mass exodus
  of blacks from the farmland and immigration to
  cities.
• Naturally then, if men are suddenly transported
  from one environment to another, the result is
  lack of harmony with the new conditions lack of
  harmony with the new physical surroundings
  leading to disease and death or modification of
  physique lack of harmony with social
  surroundings leading to crime.

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Dorothy Smith
Smith maintains that when women's lives are
studied outside of the home, such as in the work
place, that such experiences will be evaluated
from the male standpoint of that workplace. Thus
secretaries and clerical workers will be
primarily women, while their bosses will be
primarily men. If asked who makes the decisions,
and who does the work, most "objective" observers
will put most of the weight on the male actors,
because the experience is being evaluated from
male categories. But if the experience is being
evaluated from within the woman's framework, an
entirely different picture is likely to emerge. A
friend of mine--Marylee Reimer--conducted a study
in which she sat beside women secretaries in a
variety of workplaces. She observed and clarified
the tasks of these women, and concluded that no
office in her study could survive without the
skills and the numerous decisions that women make
every hour. That while men get the credit, the
women do an extraordinary amount of work, and if
there was any justice in the world, they would be
earning as much if not more than their bosses.
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If we move to the home sphere, the experiences of
women are basically not understood or valued at
all in our society. The routines of the woman at
home are loose and episodic. One responds to
events such as baby crying when the need is
there. There is little that is linear about the
work at home unlike the routines of the office or
the factory. Because the work at home does not
conform to male norms, it is assumed that
therefore that work is not actually being
done. Thus the language describing the woman who
stays home to do child care, house management,
and husband nurturing, is that she is "not
working." This is the ultimate devaluation of
women's experience.