Introduction to Electronics

1
??????? ??????????

• ???? ???? ????
• ????MICROELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 5/e
• Sedra/Smith

2
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• ???? ????
• ??? ??? 1- 6 ?? ????
• MICROELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 5/e
• Sedra/Smith
• ?????? ?? ? ???? ? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??
  ???? ??? ?????? ????
• ceit.aut.ac.ir/shiry/lecture/electronics
• ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????
• Common\shiry\electronics

3
??????? ???

• ?????? ???? ??? ??? 25 ????
• ?????? ???? ??? ??? 25 ????
• ?????? ????? ??? 35 ????
• ????? 15 ????

4
????? ???

• ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????
• ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????????
• ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? OP-AMP
• ??? ??? ?????? DIODE
• ??? ????? ????????????? ??? ????? MOSFET
• ??? ???? ????????????? ????? ?????? BJT

5
?????

• ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????
  ?????????? ?? ????????

6
???? ???? ??????

• ????? ?? ???? ??????
• ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ???????
  ? ??????
• ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???
• ???? ?????
• ???? ????
• ???????
• ??????
• ?????

7
????????

• ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???
  ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????
  ? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????
  ????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ?? ????? ?????.

8
?????? ? ???????

• ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ???? ?????
  ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????.
• ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????.

9
???? ???? ? ???? ?????

• ??? ???? ? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ? ????? ???
  ???? ???? ?? ?????.

10
???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ???????

• ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????
  ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???????
  ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????
  ?????? ????.
• ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??
  ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ? ??
  ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???
  ????.

11
???? ?????

• ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????
  ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???.
• ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ? ?? ???
  ?????.
• ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????
  ????? ??? ??? ????? ? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????
  ??????.

12
???? ????? ?? ???

• ????? ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?
  ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????.

13
????? ??? ???

• ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????
• ???? ???? ????????? ??????????
• ??????? ?? ? ?????
• ???? ????? ?????
• ??? ????? ???? ????? ????
• ???? ???????

14
???????? ? ???????

• ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????
  ??? ? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????????
  ???????? ????? ????. ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???
  ????? ? ?? ????? ?????.
• ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????
  ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????
  ???.

15
???? ?????? ????????

• ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??
  ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???

Figure 1.1 Two alternative representations of a
signal source (a) the Thévenin form, and (b) the
Norton form.

• ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? Rs ????
  ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????
  Rs ???? ?? ????.
• ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????.

16
????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????

• ??????? ?????
• ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???
  ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??
  ??? ? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ???
  ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???
  ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????
  ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ???
  ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??
  ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????
  ??????? ?? ???? ???.
• ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???.

17
????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????

• ??????? ????????
• ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????????? ???
  ?????. ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ? ??
  ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?
  ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ??
  ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????
  ??????? ???.
• ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????
  ???.

18
??? ??? ??????
Figure 1.2 An arbitrary voltage signal vs(t).

• ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ????
  ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???
  ?????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????
  ???? ??? ????.
• ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????
  ???? ???? ????.
• ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ???
  ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????.

19
??? ?????

• ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????
  ????? ???? ???.
• ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??
  ??? ??????? ???? ???.

Figure 1.4 A symmetrical square-wave signal of
amplitude V.
?????? ???? W0
Figure 1.5 The frequency spectrum (also known as
the line spectrum) of the periodic square wave of
Fig. 1.4.
20
????? ?????
Figure 1.6 The frequency spectrum of an
arbitrary waveform such as that in Fig. 1.2.

• ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????
  ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????
  ????.
• ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????????
  ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???.

21
??? ??????

• ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????
  ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ????
  ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????
  ?????????? ????.

?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? V(t)
????? ?????? ?? w f1/T ? ????? ??? ?? q ????
?????.
Figure 1.3 Sine-wave voltage signal of amplitude
Va and frequency f 1/T Hz. The angular
frequency v 2pf rad/s.
22
???? ?????? ????

• ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????
  ???????? ????? ?????.
• ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??
  ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???. ??? ??? ?????
  ??? ??????? ????????? ??? 20-20000 ???? ?? ?????
  ???.

23
???? ???? ????????

• ?????? ?????? (Analog) ??????? ??? ?? ???????
  ????? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ???????
  ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????.

• ??? ????????? ????? ??? t0,t1,t2 ????? ?? ??????
  ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????
  ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ????
  ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????
  ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????
  ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????.

Figure 1.7 Sampling the continuous-time analog
signal in (a) results in the discrete-time signal
in (b).
24
????? ??????
Figure 1.9 Block-diagram representation of the
analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
25
????? ??????

• ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????
  ????? ???? ?????.
• ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? mv ? ??
  ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? mV
  ????.
• ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????
  ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????.
• ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? Amplifier

????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
26
????? ?????

• ????? ????? ???? ??
• ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????
  ????? ?????.
• ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??
  ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????.
• ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???
  ???????

?????? ?????
????? ?????
?????? ?????
27
????? ????? ????? ?????

• ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???
  ??? ??? a ???? ???? ?????.
• ?? ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????
  ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??
  ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ( ??? b ).

Figure 1.10 (a) Circuit symbol for amplifier.
(b) An amplifier with a common terminal (ground)
between the input and output ports.
28
???? ????? (Voltage Gain)
Figure 1.11 (a) A voltage amplifier fed with a
signal vI(t) and connected to a load resistance
RL. (b) Transfer characteristic of a linear
voltage amplifier with voltage gain Av.

• ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? vI(t)
  ?????? vo(t)
• ?? ?? ?????? ??? RL ????? ?????. ???? ?????
  ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????.

29
???? ???? (Power Gain)

• ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??
  ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??
  ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????
  ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????
  ????? ?????????? ???? ? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??
  ???.
• ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???
  ????? ?????

30
????? ????

• ???? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ???. ?????? ?????
  ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????
  ??????

31
???? ????? ????? ?????

• ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????
  ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???. ??? ???? ??
  ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????
  ?????? ????? ?????.

???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
Figure 1.12 An amplifier that requires two dc
supplies (shown as batteries) for operation.
32
???? ????? ????? ?????

• ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???
  ??
• ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ? ????
  ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????.
• ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??
  ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????
  ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????
  ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???.

33
????

• ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????
  ????? - 10V ???? ???. ?? ???? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ?? ????? 1V ?? ????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ??
  ????? 9V ?? ??? 1???? ??? ????? ?????. ?????
  ????? ????? 9.5mA ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????
  ?????. ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? 0.1mA
  ???.
• ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????
  ?? ?? ???? dc ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????
  ????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ????.

34
????
35
????? ?? ????? ?????

• ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????
  ????? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????
  ??? ?????? ?? ????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????
  ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ( ?????
  ?????? ????) ????? ????. ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??
  ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ???
  ????? ????? ?????.
• ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??.
  ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????
  ????

Figure 1.13 An amplifier transfer characteristic
that is linear except for output saturation.
36
????? ????? ????? ?????

• ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????
  ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????
  ??????.
• ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???
  ?? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????
  ????? ????? ????? ???.

37
????? ????? ????? ????? ?????

• ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????
  ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????
  ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???. ????? ?????? ?? ?????
  ??? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????
  ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???.

Figure 1.14 (a) An amplifier transfer
characteristic that shows considerable
nonlinearity. (b) To obtain linear operation the
amplifier is biased as shown, and the signal
amplitude is kept small. Observe that this
amplifier is operated from a single power supply,
VDD.
38
????? ???? ?????

• ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????
  ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???.
• ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??
  ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????.
• ???? ?????? ?? ????? DC ?? ????? Vi ????? ?????
  ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? (Q) ?????? ?? ?????
  Vo ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????.
• ?????? vi(t) ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? DC ?????
  ????? (superimpose)?? ?????? ???? ?? vI(t) Vi
  vi(t) ?? ????? ????? ????? ???.

39
?????? ????

• ????????? ????? vi(t) ??????? ???? ???? ????
  ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????
  ??? ??? ??? ????? ???.
• ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??
• ? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??
• ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????
  ?? ???
• ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????
  ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?????
  ???? ?????? ???.

40
????

• ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???
  ???
• ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??
• ???? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??
  ???? ????.
• ???? ????? ????? ????? dc ?? ?????
  ???? ???? ????. ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????

41
????

• ????? ????? ?? 0.3????? ???.
• ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????
  ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??.
• ????? ???? ??? ?? ????.
• ?? ?????

Figure 1.15 A sketch of the transfer
characteristic of the amplifier of Example 1.2.
Note that this amplifier is inverting (i.e., with
a gain that is negative).
42
????

• ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????
  ???? ??????
• ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????
• ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????
• ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???.
  

Figure 1.15 A sketch of the transfer
characteristic of the amplifier of Example 1.2.
Note that this amplifier is inverting (i.e., with
a gain that is negative).
43
????? ????????

• ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????
  ????????? ????? ??????? ?????

?????? ac ??????
????? ?????? ??????
???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??
?? ?????? dc
Figure 1.16 Symbol convention employed
throughout the book.
VDD ????? ????? ???? ????? IDD ?????? ?? ??
???? ????? ????? ?????
44
??? ????? ?????

• ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??????????
  ????? ????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????
  ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????
  ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????
  ????? ?????.
• ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????
  ?????? ???
• ????? ????? ?????
• ????? ????? ?????
• ????? ????? TransConductance
• ????? ????? TransResistance

45
????? ????? ?????
voltage-controlled voltage source

• ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????
  ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????
• ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????
  ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????
  ????.
• ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? Avo ?? ???
  ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????
• ?? ?????? ????? Ro ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???
  ????? ????? ????? ????? ???.

Figure 1.17 (a) Circuit model for the voltage
amplifier.
46
????? ????? ??????

• ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??????
  ? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????.
• ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??
  ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????

?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??
Figure 1.17 (b) The voltage amplifier with input
signal source and load.
47
??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???

• ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????
  ???? ?? ????? ?? Avo ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????
  ???? ??? ?????? ?????.
• Open Circuit Voltage Gain
• ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? Ro
  ???? ?? ?????? ??? RL ???? ?? ????. ??
  ?????????? ?? ????? RL ????? ???? Ro ?? ?? ??????
  ????? RL ?????? ?????? ??????.
• ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? Ro 0 ?? ???
  ????? ?????.

48
????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????

• ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??
  ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ?????
  ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????. ?? ????? ????? ??????
  ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????.
• ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??

49
???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??

• ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
  ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????
  ????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????
  ????? ??? ??

50
????? ????? ?? ???? ????

• Buffer Amplifier ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????
  ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?
  ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???.
• ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ??????
  ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???
  ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???
  ????.

51
????? ????? ??? ??? ????

• ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???
  ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??
  ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????
  ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???
  ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ??
  ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??
  ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ?? ????? ??
  ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???
  ????? ????.

52
???? ????? ????? ?? ????

• ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???
• ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? 10 ?????
  ?????? ???? ?????? ???. ???? ????? ??? ???? ???
  10 ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????.
• ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??
  ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????
  ???.
• ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????
  ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???.
• ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????

Figure 1.18 Three-stage amplifier for Example
1.3.
53
????

• ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????
  ??? ??
• ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???
  ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???
  ????? ???????? ??
• ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???
• ? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????
• ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??
• ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??

54
???? ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ???

• ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??
• ? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??
• ???? ???? ??

55
???? ?????? ????? ?????
56
???? ?????? ????? ?????

• ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??
  ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???
  ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???
  ????.
• ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????
  ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????
• ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????

57
?????????? ????? ??????

• ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? Bipolar Junction
  Transistor (BJT) ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????
  ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????.
• ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? dc ??? ?
  ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????
  ??? ? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????
  transconductance ??? ????.

?????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? (B) ????? (E)
? ?????? (C) ?????? ??????.
Figure 1.19 (a) Small-signal circuit model for a
bipolar junction transistor (BJT).
58
????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????

• ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???
  ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????
  ?????????? ???.

Figure 1.19 (b) The BJT connected as an
amplifier with the emitter as a common terminal
between input and output (called a common-emitter
amplifier).
59
????

• ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???
  ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????
• ??? ?? ??? ro ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????
  ????? ???.

60
????

• ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????
  ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????????
  ????? ????? ????
• ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ?
  ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??
  ????? ??? ???? ?? ???
• ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
• ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????
• ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????
  ?????? ????

• ????
• ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????
• ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????????
  ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????.

61
????

• ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ??
  ?????????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???
  ??? ??? ????. ????????? ????? ???? ?????
  ????????????? ??

62
?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????
63
?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????
64
?????? ????? ????? ????? TransConductance
65
?????? ????? ????? ????? TransResistance
66
????? 1

• 1.44
• 1.52
• 1.62
• 1.63

67
???? ??????? ????? ?????

• ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????
  ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???. ?? ??? ??
  ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????
  ???? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????
  ??????.

68
?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????

• ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????
  ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????
  ?????? ????? ???.
• ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????
  ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????
  ?????? ????? ???.

• ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??
  ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???

Figure 1.20 Measuring the frequency response of
a linear amplifier. At the test frequency v, the
amplifier gain is characterized by its magnitude
(Vo/Vi) and phase f.
69
?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????

• ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????
  ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ? ??????
  ? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????
  ? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ? ????
  ??? ?????? ??????.

70
????? ???? ????? ?????

• ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??
  ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?1, ?2 ???? ????? ?????
  ???? ???? ? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????
  ???? ?????? ??.
• ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????.

???? ?? ?? ???? 3dB ???? ???? ?????.

• ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????
  ???? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???. ??
  ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????
  ????? ??.

Figure 1.21 Typical magnitude response of an
amplifier. T(v) is the magnitude of the
amplifier transfer functionthat is, the ratio of
the output Vo(v) to the input Vi(v).
71
???? ?????? ???? ???????

• ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????
  ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ? ?????
  ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????
• Replace inductance L with a reactance or
  impedance j ?L.
• Replace capacitance C with a reactance or
  impedance 1/j ?C
• ? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????
• T( ?) Vo( ?)/Vi( ?) ?????? ?????.????? ?????
  ??? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??
  ???? ?????? ????.

72
?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????

• ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????
  ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????.
• Replace inductance L with a reactance or
  impedance sL
• Replace capacitance C with a reactance or
  impedance 1/sC
• ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????
  ???
• T(s) Vo(s)/Vi(s)
• ? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? j ? ??????? ?????.

73
Single-Time-Constant Networks

• ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????
  ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? Single-Time-Constant
  Networks ??????? ?????.
• ?? STC ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ? ?? ??? ??????
  ????? ?????.

t 1/RC
Figure 1.22 Two examples of STC networks (a) a
low-pass network and (b) a high-pass network.
74
?????? ????? ??? ? ???????

• ???? ?????? STC ????? ????? ??? ? ??????? ???
  ??????.

t 1/RC
t L/R
75
???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ???????
Bode Plot
?????? ???
76
???? ????? ???? STC
77
????

• ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? Ci ??
  ????? ??????. ???? ??? ????
• ???) ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????
  ???? ?????. ????? ???? dc ? ?????? ??? 3dB ??
  ???? ????.
• ?) ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? 0dB ?????(
  ???? ????) ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????
• ?) ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????

Figure 1.25 Circuit for Example 1.5.
78
????

• ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????
• ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??
  ????? ??? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ????????
• ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? STC ?????????
  ????.
• ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
• ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????

?
?
79
????

• ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???
  ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???.
• ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??
• ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???
  ?????? ??? low pass STC ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????
  ??? ???
• ????? ???? dc ????? ??? ??
• ????? ?????? ??? 3-dB ????? ??? ??

80
????

• (b
• ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????

?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? -20dB/decade ?? ????? ??
????decade???? ?? 0dB ???? ????? ????
81
????
82
???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???????

• ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????
  ???? ?? ???? ???? ????.

Figure 1.26 Frequency response for (a) a
capacitively coupled amplifier, (b) a
direct-coupled amplifier, and (c) a tuned or
bandpass amplifier.
83
????? ???? ?? ???? ???????

• ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???
  ????????
• ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??
  ????????? ?????? ??? ???
• ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????
  ????? ?? ??? ???.
• ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????
  ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ( ?? ?? ??? ??????????)
  ?? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????
  ???? ????. ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????????
  ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ??? ????? ?????
  ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? dc ?????? ???? ????
  ???????? ????.

Figure 1.27 Use of a capacitor to couple
amplifier stages.
84
??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? NOT

• ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??
  ????? ??? ??? ???. ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????
  ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??
  ?????? ?? ??? NOT ??????? ????.

Figure 1.29 Voltage transfer characteristic of
an inverter. The VTC is approximated by three
straightline segments. Note the four parameters
of the VTC (VOH, VOL, VIL, and VIH) and their use
in determining the noise margins (NMH and NML).
85
??? NOT ???? ??

• ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??????
  ????? ??? ??? ???? ???.
• ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 0?1 ?? ??? ???
  ????? ???? ????.
• ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????.

Figure 1.30 The VTC of an ideal inverter.
86
(No Transcript)