The Harnessed Atom

1
The Harnessed Atom

• Unit 1 Lesson 1

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We Use Energy to

• Power factories businesses
• Heat Light Homes and Schools
• Run appliances machines
• Fuel Cars, Airplanes, Trains Ships
• Run Televisions Games
• Use Telephones Computers
• Make Food Clothing

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Types of Energy
Potential
Kinetic
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Forms of Energy

• Mechanical
• Chemical
• Thermal
• Electrical
• Radiant
• Nuclear

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Ultimate Source of Energy

• The Sun
• Photosynthesis
• Heat
• Air Currents
• Ocean Currents

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Primary Sources of Energy

• Fossil Fuels
• Geothermal
• Nuclear
• Solar
• Tidal/Water

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Efficiency

• Energy cannot be Created or Destroyed
• Energy Conversions are Inefficient someleaves
  as heat
• Energy Conservation extends life of a resource

8
The Harnessed Atom

• Unit 1 Lesson 2

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What is Electricity?

• The flow of electrons- as in a wire
• Static as when you comb your hair
• Our most versatile and adaptable form of energy

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Electricity Production

• By converting one source of energy into heat
• Fossil fuel (coal, oil, natural gas)
• Uranium
• Water
• Solar
• Wind
• Biomass
• Geothermal

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Electricity Production

• Heat up Water to make Steam
• Steam turns a Turbine
• Turbine moves a Magnet through a coil of Wire
• Magnetic Field causes the e- to move

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How do we Move Electricity

• About 1000 Utilities
• Build Plants
• String /Bury Wire
• Fuel for plants
• Meters on houses businesses

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Utilities

• Cover a specific region
• Are Regulated
• Its essential
• Must provide as needed
• Must provide amt. needed
• Charge fair rates
• Build based on Prediction of Usage

14
The Harnessed Atom

• Unit 2 Lesson 1

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Atom

• 92 different natural atoms
• Elements are different kinds of atoms
• Combining different atoms makes molecules
• Combined during a chemical reaction
• Building blocks of the universe

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Atoms

• Nucleus
• Protons positive charge
• Identify the Atom
• Neutrons no charge
• Electrons
• Negative charge
• Move around Nucleus
• Protons Electrons
• Balanced charge

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Isotope

• Same type of atom, different number of neutrons
• All atoms are isotopes
• Have the same chemical properties
• Name mass
• U-235 or Uranium-235

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Isotope Stability

• Some Proton/Neutron ratios more stable than
  others
• Stabilize themselves by emitting radiationCalled
  Radioactive Decay
• Energy
• Particles

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The Harnessed Atom

• Unit 2 Lesson 2

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Radiation

• Radioactive Decay
• Unstable Isotopes seek to be more stable
• Release energy particles
• Radiation
• Energy or
• Particles released
• Radioactive
• Substance giving off radiation

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Radiation Types

• Alpha
• Tiny bits of atoms
• Stopped by paper
• Beta
• Smaller particles
• Stopped by aluminum foil
• Gamma
• Electromagnetic wave
• Fast Strong
• Stopped by cement or steel

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Ionizing Radiation

• Alpha, Beta and Gamma
• Can Change the chemical make up of things
• Exposure can be dangerous
• Shields are used to stop
• Mechanical hands robots

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Half-Life

• Decay at Random
• Eventually decay to a stable element
• Decay Chain transformation into different
  elements before becoming stable
• Half Life
• Amount of time for a given isotope to lose half
  of its radioactivity

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The Harnessed Atom

• Unit 2 Lesson 3

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Recognizing Radiation

• Cannot see, hear, touch or smell it
• Ionizing Radiation
• Knocks e- off atoms
• These atoms become
• Geiger Counters sense tiny electrical changes
• Photographic film badges record radiation

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Warnings

• Doors where radioactive materials are used or
  stored
• Boxes Containers
• Same laws require labeling of
• Poisons,
• explosives,
• flammables,
• combustibles

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Radiation Dose

• Radiation Dose depends on
• Time exposed
• Amount of shielding
• Distance from source
• Reduce Radiation Dose
• Decrease time
• Decrease distance
• Increase shielding

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Exposure

• Most people receive 150-200 millirems /year
• Low Level - lt5,000millirems
• No effects at 50,000millirems
• At low levels the body repairs itself
• Radiation Sicknessgt100,000millirems
• Deathgt500,000millirems

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The Harnessed Atom

• Unit 2 Lesson 4

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Background Radiation

• Sources
• Ocean
• Mountains/Ground
• Potassium
• Thorium
• uranium
• Air
• Food
• Space (gamma)

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Uranium Deposits

• New Mexico
• Nevada
• Utah
• Wyoming
• Colorado
• India
• Brazil

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Building Materials

• Materials such as
• Bricks
• Wood
• Stone
• Brick Homes50-100millirems/yr
• Wooden Homes30-50millirems/yr

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Cosmic Radiation

• Screened by clouds air
• Higher altitudes receive more than lower
  altitudes
• Air Plane trip4 millirems

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Organisms

• Plants Animals made of radioactive elements
• Food Drink 25 millirems
• Bananas Brazil Nuts have more

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Man Made sources

• Medical / Dental sources
• Building Materials
• Nuclear Industry
• Coal Fired Power Plants
• Nuclear Weapons testing
• Avg. 80 millirems/yr

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Levels of Background Radiation
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SC Average Background Radiation

• Manmade radiation level80 millirems
• Natural radiation level107 millirems
• Total 187 millirems

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The Harnessed Atom

• Unit 2 Lesson 5

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Medical Uses

• Cancer Treatment
• Gamma Radiation to kill cancer cells
• X-rays (em waves)
• black white picture of dense areas
• CAT Scanners
• color pictures of inside our bodies
• Scintillation Counter
• image of chemical reactions
• using radioactive tracer given the patient
• Labeling
• Tracers to follow things in our body

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Science Uses

• Radioactive Tracers in
• Size of oil fields
• Track Ocean Currents
• Air Water
• Pollution Paths
• Nutrient Cycles
• Plants Animals
• Pollution paths
• Nutrient paths

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Science Uses

• Dating Ancient Objects
• All living things take in Carbon
• Carbon-14 is a natural isotope
• When organisms die, they no longer take in C
• C-14 begins to decay
• Half-life of C-14 is 5,760yrs
• Measure difference of C-14 in old and new object
• Uranium, Rubidium and Potassium used for older
  objects

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Crime Solving

• Activation Analysis
• Evidence is exposed to radiation
• Some of the elements will be activated
• Exact chemical signature can be read

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Industrial Uses

• Agricultural uses
• Create disease resistant/ fast growing plants
• Control Insects by sterilizing males
• Irradiation
• Kills germs without making the object radioactive
• Food
• Medical Equipment

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Industrial Uses

• Control thickness of
• Glues
• Paper
• Plastic
• Foil
• Fill sensors for Cartons boxes
• Check Contents of Containers or Luggage

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Industrial Uses

• Radiography x-rays
• To find defects in metals welds
• Flow of fluid in hydraulics
• Rate of wearing out
• Blending of metals
• Energy for
• Pacemakers
• Lights on runways buoys
• Power space craft

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The Harnessed Atom

• Unit 2 Lesson 6

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Fission

• Fission
• Splitting of an atom
• Releases energy / heat
• End with two new smaller elements
• 2 or 3 neutrons released

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Fission

• Chain Reaction
• One neutron splits one atom releases 3 neutrons
• 3 neutrons split three atoms release 9 neutrons
• And so on and so on

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Fusion

• Two atoms are joined together
• Energy / heat is released
• Deuterium Tritium combine to make Helium
• Neutron released
• Ex. The Sun

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Fusion on earth

• Magnetic field to confine H isotopes
• Heat to 100mil oC
• H becomes a Plasma
• Electricity alters it
• Magnetism molds it
• 1 gal Seawater 300 gal Gas