Diapositive 1

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LINKING RELIEF REHABILITATION AND DEVELOPMENT
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GROUPE URD Groupe URD is a French research
institute whose main goal is to Improve quality
of humanitarian practices through debate,
research, evaluation, capacity building, training
and lobbying.
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• Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and development
• It aims to draw lessons from current experience
  to inform policy and programmes, for NGOs,
  donors, international agencies and governmental
  institutions.
• The LRRD project focuses on the 6 following
  sectors
• Agriculture
• Irrigation and water supply
• Nutrition
• Health
• Urban Development
• Education
• And includes a team of 4 technical members from
  Groupe URD, two independent consultants, a pool
  of junior experts, a project coordinator,
  permanently based in Kabul, and scientific
  support from headquarter and partners in
  Afghanistan

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• Main Objectives
• Learning and sharing lessons in this period of
  political and technical transition, through
  multi-sector review
• Increasing and sharing knowledge and
  experience by carrying out applied research in
  rural and urban settings in specific fields
  (including food and economic security and urban
  development)
• 4 different agrarian systems throughout
  Afghanistan
• 3 cities (small/middle/big)
• In partnership with interested NGOs
• Contributing to the capacity building efforts
  of the relevant ministries and Afghan NGOs
  through trainings

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Agenda

1. Focusing on peoples needs
2. Understanding the context and linkage with policy
   making
3. Rebuilding the state
4. LRRD a new set of stakeholders, new trends

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A BIT OF THEORY AND MODELISATION
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TYPOLOGY OF CRISES Development Development Cri
sis Reconstruction Emergency Rehabi
litation The Continuum theory


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TYPOLOGY OF CRISES not that simple
 


 


 
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COMBINAISON OF PREVIOUS CASES  THE CONTIGUUM
CONCEPT
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NEED OF NEW METHODS AND APPROACHES

• Which can tackle the State building agenda (the
  peace and democracy agenda)
• Which can ensure that the needs of people are
  responded to (vulnerability agenda) and a
  humanitarian response capacity still preserved
  (the Humanitarian Space agenda)
• Which can ensure that a vivid civil society can
  develop and democracy progressively can nurture
  (civil and civic agenda)
• Which can ensure that economy will progress at
  the micro and macro levels (economic agenda)

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FOCUSING ON PEOPLES NEEDS

• Keeping a focus on people / humanitarian needs
  while moving towards reconstruction and
  development

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Vulnerabilities still need to be address

• Remaining vulnerabilities
• coexistence of Relief, Rehabilitation and
  Development needs
• high level of structural and circumstantial
  vulnerabilities
• Decreasing focus on vulnerabilities
• Phasing out of some  relief donors  and
  stakeholders
• Increased focus on high potential and easy
  accessible areas

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Developing a formal space for humanitarian
interventions in the development strategies

• Main challenges
• Integrating vulnerabilities and relief issues in
  the current reconstruction and development
  frameworks
• Designing and implementing relevant programmes
  adapted to the needs and constraints for
  vulnerable areas and/or vulnerable populations
  groups
• Addressing vulnerabilities in insecure areas

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Main requirements (through the Food Security case
study)

• Integrating approaches and programmes
• Designing specific policies and strategies
  (drought mitigation, floods control)
• Designing specific planning and programming
• Designing specific action-research towards
  difficult areas
• Having formal and efficient information, decision
  making and intervention systems (early warning
  systems and preparedness plans)
• Long term commitments from the donors
• NGOs remain an important stakeholder for
  implementation /advocacy
• More holistic approach (FS or livelihoods
  conceptual frameworks) for assessment, monitoring
  and evaluation is required

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CONTEXT UNDERSTANDING LINKAGE WITH POLICY
MAKING

• To fulfil the tremendous requirements for
  diagnosis in order to design and adapt policies
  and programmes to the context complexity and
  diversity

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Insufficient or inadequate diagnosis

• Limited, un-adapted and low-quality diagnosis
  (spatial, holistic, )
• Lack of capacities and expertise
• Lack of coordination
• Challenges
• Highlight the missing information of the relevant
  needs and their prioritization
• Define and implement a plan of action

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Gaps between policy making and field operations

• A contrasted situation within the sectors
• Lack of interaction
• NGOs are not able or not willing to participate
• Government and donors do not really seek for
  NGOs views
• Suggestions
• Need to encourage relationships between policy
  making and field stakeholders in order to ensure
  that policy design is fully adapted to fields
  realities
• Donors have a role to play in integrating NGOs in
  policy design processes

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Case study Lack of spatial data in Urban sector

• Gap between urban territories and urban
  responsibilities
• The post-crisis changes in urban sector result in
  the creation of new urban context and areas
• Very few updated spatial information on urban
  context
• Services are not delivered in the illegal
  settlements (not mapped)
• No common spatial references for urban planning,
  reconstruction and coordination between the
  different stakeholders

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• Some progresses in 2006
• Land tenure issues are finally addressed thanks
  to its assignment to the Ministry of Agriculture
• Rehabilitation in Kabul allowed by the recent
  agreement between KM and MoUD (KURP)
• Ongoing spatial regional analysis aiming at a
  balance between the Urban Land and rural
  development (SDP)
• More progresses are required
• Further diagnosis (geographical, physical,
  social/technical ,transport.)
• Establishment of a validated document compiling
  data
• Establishment of flexible city master plans
• Urgent need to place urban issues within a
  spatial and collective understanding

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REBUILDING THE STATE
after a protracted crisis, and the succession of
different models
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Rationalisation of the state

• Different factors are hindering the functioning
  of the Afghan State
• Lack of fiscal system
• Although efforts made, responsibilities still
  somewhat blurred
• Ministries and upper administration are still
  very much subject to cabinet and political
  changes
• Human resources management is not always based on
  competences
• Efforts are made to foster a rationalization of
  the State through the PAR and PRR processes
• Numerous ministries are going through the PRR
  process but some remain at the first stage, the
  second stage raising more difficulties
• Thus, this process should significantly improve
  the efficiency at national and local levels, and
  need to be implemented quickly in order to
  improve notably service delivery and therefore
  secure stability of the country

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Ownership and accountability in the
reconstruction period

• After the fall of Taliban, there was a sudden
  substantial injection of funds and a mass influx
  of stakeholders (donors, technical assistants,
  consultants, private contractors, IFI, UN
  agencies, NGOs)
• Clear effort in building and strengthening
  ministerial capacity and setting national
  programmes
• However, still limited ownership at all levels
• Donors push for quick impacts in the field
  (securing peace), and want to influence policies
  and often push for their own agendas through
  technical assistants
• On donors side is there a long term commitment?
• On government side still limited absorption
  capacity

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Case studyservice delivery sectors, health and
education

• In education and health sectors, models were set
  very early on a national scale.
• In health sector it is implemented through PPA
  and carried out by other actors, NGOs.
• In education sector, the service delivery is
  fully managed by the state
• Country-wide programmes
• High expectation
• Limited consultation of the Afghan counterparts
  in the choice of the strategic orientations
  Ownership? Appropriateness?
• Rationalization process ongoing in MoE and MoPH,
  it is necessary for
• Sustainability of the services, currently highly
  dependent on external funds,
• Quality of the services delivered

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LRRD A NEW SET OF STAKEHOLDERS, NEW TRENDS
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Political agenda
International stakeholders
Security / Poppy
PRTs
Afghan stakeholders
GoA
Donors
Private sector
Communities
IFIs
Afghan NGOs
Technical Assistants
Funds availability
INGOs
UN agencies
Skills / expertise
Humanitarian space
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Linking relief, development and security

• Main bilateral donors are investing massive
  amounts of money in the South of the country
  (Kandahar, Uruzgan, Helmand)
• Need to ensure a strong commitment to the south
• What about the buffer zone and the northern part
  of the country?
• Cost effectiveness, impact and sustainability of
  the interventions are difficult to assess (Remote
  control strategies)
• ?The prerequisite for long-term development in
  the south in not yet in place.
• PRTs are playing an increasing role
• Are PRTs the sole relevant model to work in
  insecure areas? If, yes what are they doing in
  the North
• Debate on the confusion humanitarian/ military?
• Relevance, cost effectiveness, impact and
  sustainability of the interventions are
  questionable
• Lack of coherence and coordination with other
  long-term strategies

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• Sharing responsibilities for building development

• Finding the right pace in between building
  capacities, new roles and responsibilities
• The state have defined the main policies (master
  plan, policies, norms and standards)
• Rules are often overlooked
• Ex Infrastructure sector (quality,
  sustainability, cost effectiveness)
• Capacities for monitoring and regulations are not
  yet defined or applied at the field level
• ?Abruptness of change in the transition in
  between stakeholders roles
• NGOs key players in the reconstruction process
• NGOs have gathered skills, expertise and
  in-country experiences
• NGOs are a enabling actor to strengthen the
  private sectors development (food processing
  entr.)
• Addressing vulnerabilities / Developing the
  Private sector should come along

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ISSUES AT STAKE
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Issues at stake

• Equity balanced development
• Civil society and democracy
• Long term peace
• Crisis-response capacities in the development
  agenda