Important Industrial Chemicals

1
Important Industrial Chemicals

• Group 1A
• LiAlH4, LiBH4 reducing agents
• Li2CO3 treating schizophrenia
• NaHCO3 Baking powder
• Na2CO3 Baking soda
• NaOH detergents, oven cleaner, paper
• NaCN
• NaClO3, KClO3

2
Cool things about Group 1A metals

• 1. When dissolved in ammonia, they give a
  solvated electron
• M(s) ? M(amm) e-(amm)
• 2. Self-contained breathing apparatus
• 4 KO2(s) 2 H2O(l) ? 3 O2(g) 4 KOH(s)
• KOH(s) CO2(g) ? KHCO3(s)

3
Important Industrial Group 2A Chemicals

• MgSO4?7H2O Epsom salt
• CaCO3 limestone (antacid)
• CaO 3rd ranked chemical- steel production
• Ca(OH)2 Slaked lime in cement
• CaSO4?½H2O plaster of Paris
• CaSO4?2H2O Gypsum
• CaMg3(SiO3)4 Asbestos
• BaCO3 rat posion

4
Important Industrial Group 3A Chemicals

• B2O3 Pyrex
• B4C abrasive
• AlOHCl2(s) antiperspirant
• GaAs III-V Semiconductors

5
Ammonia Synthesis Haber Process

• N2(g) 3 H2(g) ? 2 NH3(g)
• Conditions 300 atm, 500 oC
• ?H
• ?S

6
Nitric Acid Ostwald Process

• 4 NH3(g) 5 O2(g) ? 4 NO(g) 6 H2O(g)
• 2 NO(g) O2(g) ? 2 NO2(g)
• 3 NO2(g) H2O(l) ? 2 HNO3(aq) NO(g)

7
Phosphorus!

• Phosphorus pentoxide P4O10 dehydrating agent
• P4O10 6 H2O ? 4 H3PO4

8
Phosphoric Acid
2 Ca3(PO4)2(s) 6 SiO2(s) 10 C(s) ? 6
CaSiO3(l) 10 CO(g) P4(g)
P4(g) 5 O2(g) ? P4O10(g)
P4O10 6 H2O(l) ? 4 H3PO4(l)
OR
Ca5(PO4)3F 5 H2SO4 10 H2O ? 3 H3PO4 5
CaSO4?2H2O HF
9
Phosphate Esters!
10
Sulfuric Acid 1 Chemical
S(s) O2(g) ? SO2(g) 2 SO2(g) O2(g) ? 2
SO3(g) uses V2O5 catalyst SO3(g) H2O(l) ?
H2SO4(aq) Why its so popular ?H -436
kJ/mol Acid rain
11
Hydrochloric Acid
1. Classic Salt-Cake Process 2 NaCl H2SO4 ?
Na2SO4 2 HCl 2. Hargreaves Process 2 NaCl
SO3 ½ O2 H2O ? Na2SO4 2 HCl 3. Direct
Process (only when high purity is needed) H2
Cl2 ? 2 HCl 4. By-product of organic syntheses
most HCl comes from this