Fungal Characteristics

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Fungal Characteristics        1)Cell wall made
of Chitin     2)Heterotrophs and major
Decomposers      3)Body is made of Long
filaments of hyphae which form a
mycelium         4)Reproduce sexually and
asexually Asexually by spores Sexually by mating
of hyphae filaments
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An example of Fungi You know
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Mushrooms Club Like Fungi or Basidiomycete
Fungi
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Bracket Fungi Basidiomycete Fungi
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Bread Mold a Zygomycete Fungi
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Cup Fungi Ascomycete Fungi
Note the cup shapes and orange peel colour
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Kingdom Fungi you must know 5 Major Phyla

• Phylum Zygomycota the Bread Molds
• Rhizopus black bread mold
• Oomycota the Water Molds
• Water mold, potato blight, mildew
• Phylum Ascomycota the Sac Fungi
• Yeast, morels, truffles
• Phylum Basidiomycota the Club Fungi
• Mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts,
  smuts, toadstools
• Phylum Deuteromycota the Fungi Imperfecti

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Zygomycota (Rhizopus) the Common Molds
-are primarily decomposers
-asexual spores may be produced in sporangia
-sexual reproduction occurs between and
strains forming a 2n zygote a zygospore develops
and may lie dormant for a long period of time
meiosis occurs just before germination
-only the zygote is diploid all hyphae and
asexual spores are haploid
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Zygomycota common molds
The fungal mass of hyphae, known as the MYCELIUM
penetrates the bread and produces the fruiting
bodies on top of the stalks
Mycelia a mass of hyphae or filaments
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Rhizoids root-like hyphae The zhizoids meet
underground and mating occurs between hyphae of
different molds (SEXUAL REPRODUCTION)
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Zygomycota (Rhizopus)
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Lifecycle of a Zygomycete Fungi Asexual then
Sexual
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Ascomycota Cup Fungi Life Cycle
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Yeast is an Ascomycete Fungus
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Truffles are round, warty, fungi that are
irregular in shape. They vary from the size of a
walnut to that of a man's fist. Since the times
of the Greeks and Romans these fungi have been
used in Europe as delicacies, as aphrodisiacs,
and as medicines. They are among the most
expensive of the world's natural foods, often
commanding as much as 250 to 450 per pound.
Truffles are harvested in Europe with the aid of
female pigs or truffle dogs, which are able to
detect the strong smell of mature truffles
underneath the surface of the ground. The female
pig becomes excited when she sniffs a chemical
that is similar to the male swine sex attractant.
The use of dogs to find truffles is also and
option.
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Morels are Ascomycete Fungi
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Basidiomycete or Club Fungi
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Life Cycle of Basidiomycete Fungi
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Bracket Fungi
Puff Balls
Basidiomycete Fungi that all produce Basiospores
Jelly Fungi
Mushrooms
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Other Basidiomycetes Rusts and Smuts
Rust infecting wheat leaves
Whitrot Smut digesting old wood
Rust infecting a Leaf
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Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi)
-Regarded as imperfect because they exhibit no
sexual stage has been observed in their life
cycle
-Members are not closely related and are not
necessarily similar in structure or appearance
do not share a common ancestry, polyphyletic
coming from many ancestors hmm weird ?
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Deuteromycota the Fungi Imperfecti

• Resemble Ascomycetes, but their reproductive
  cycle has never been observed
• Different from Ascomycetes because there is a
  definite lack of sexual reproduction, which is
  why they are called Imperfect Fungi

Penicillium fungi
Up Close
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Water Molds -- Oomycota
The water molds are better known as the MILDEWS.
Fish tank fuzz is an example. Protist-like mold
because share common characteristics with
plant-like protists, such as the cell wall
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LifeCycle of Oomycota
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Things to Know about Oomycete Fungi

1. Water molds or mildews
2. Cause diseases such as potato blight
3. Cell walls made of cellulose (like plant)
4. Hyphae have multiple nuclei! Because the cell
   walls do not fully close off.
5. Spore swims away like a flagellate, which is why
   it is protist like (think of Euglena)

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Irish Potato Famine of 19th Century
Devastated potato crops, causing devastating
starvation in Ireland ?
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Phylum Exs Characteristics Asexual Sexual
Oomycota Mildew Spud blight Cellulose cell walls, 2N hyphae Flagellated oospores from sporangia Gametes fuse in gametangia creating oospores
Zygomycota Rhizopus a dung fungus Chitin cell walls Coenocytic hyphae lack crosswalls Unflagel. spores drop from sporangia Gametangia fuse to create zygospore
Ascomycota Yeast, morels, truffles Conidia on conidophores Hyphae - fuse to create ascospores in ascus
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Basidiomycota Mushrooms Puffballs, rusts, smuts Cross walls in hyphae Asexual by way of Conidophores which produce conidiospores Sexual when hyphae fuse in BASIDIA to produce basidiospores
Fungi Imperfecti Deuteromycota Penicillium, Athletes Foot fungus, Tomato Blight Similar To Basidio and Zygomy Asexual by conidia which produce conidophores Sexual repro Not known
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Cross Walls of Hyphae
                                  
coenocytic   having multiple nuclei embedded in cytoplasm without cross walls nonseptate
Coenocytic hyphae where the nucleis of each cell
is embedded in the cytoplasm without a cell
wall Eg. Zygomycota, Oomycota
Hyphae with cross walls Eg. Basidiomycota,
Ascomycota
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Lichens
Lichens are mutualistic symbiotic organisms. They
have an ____________ fungus and a _________ or
cyanobacterial portion. There are three lichen
growth forms which are predominant in nature
_____________________ ____________________________
_
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Fruticose
Crustose
Foliose
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Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizae means fungus-root mutualistic
relationship between plant and fungi
The plant photosynthesizes while the fungus more
efficiently takes up nutrients and water from the
rhizosphere than the roots would alone.

• Plant benefits include
• Improved nutrient/water uptake
• Improved root growth
• Improved plant growth and yield
• Improved disease resistance
• Reduced transplant shock
• Reduced drought stress

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Soredia are the asexual reproductive part of
lichens, containing both symbionts. Rhizines may
be present to anchor the lichen. Notice the
distinctive algal layer and the fungal layer
present in the above illustration.