Age%20of%20Religious%20Wars

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Age of Religious Wars

• Struggle for Power
• Religion or Politics ?

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Protestants vs. Catholics

• Reformation caused a series of wars.
• Europe was trying to RE-Discovery itself.
• Wars are both national and international
  conflicts.
• 1555 Peace of Augsberg -gt cuius regio, eius
  religio
• 1563 Council of Trent ended
• 1564 Calvin dies in Geneva

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Religion into Political Structure

• Catholics stressed the episcopal church system
  where obedience to the person at the top was
  emphasized.
• Calvinists adopted a presbyterian church system
  where local churches maintained individual
  control.

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Cultural Developments

• Baroque Art Three-dimensional display of life
  and energy.
• Grandiose and elegant landscapes and portraits.
• Differences in Catholic vs. Protestant
• Peter Paul Rubens 1571-1640
• Rembrandt van Rijn 1606-1669

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Intellectual Developments

• Skepticism, Relativism, Individualism
• To kill a man is not to defend a doctrine, but
  to kill a man
• Politiques Rulers who urged tolerance and
  moderation for political unity.

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French Wars of Religion

• 1562-1598
• French Protestants- Huguenots
• Edict of Fontainebleu 1540
• Edict of Chateaubriand 1551
• For the most part, France remained a staunch foe
  of Protestants.

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Internal Conflicts

• Henry II accidentally dies and breaks
  Habsburg-Valois peace.
• Francis II becomes KING.
• Families vie for power
• - Bourbons
• - Montmorency-Chatillons
• - Guises

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Catherine de Medicis

• Ascends to power, as the regency of her son,
  Francis II and then Charles IX
• Guise sympathies
• War with the Huguenots
• Machiavellian

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Factors of War

• Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
• - In 1570, Granted religious freedom to the
  Huguenots.
• 1571 Battle of Lepanto Spain crushes the Turks
• Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre
• - August 24, 1572 over 20,000 Protestants were
  killed.

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St. Bartholomews Day Massacre
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A Nominal Peace

• In 1589, Henry III was stabbed and Henry (IV)
  Navarre, a Huguenot Protestant, came to power.
• A true politique
• Edict of Nantes 1598 Granted the religious
  freedom of worship.

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Henry IV

• 1589-1610
• Bourbon Dynasty
• A true politique who ended the Wars of Religion
  in France
• Treaty of Vervins
• Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic Monk

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Pillars of Spanish Power

• Philip II Ruler of the Eastern Habsburg Dynasty,
  a true Machiavellian ruler
• Extremely Catholic
• Wealth and Power come from the New World.
• Wanted complete control over Europe

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Philip II 1556-1598

• New World Riches
• Silver and Gold
• Increased Population
• Subjugated Poor
• Efficient Bureaucracy
• Controlled Lesser Nobles
• Supremacy in the Mediterranean

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The Netherlands

• Philips first attempt to seize northern Europe
  was in the Netherlands
• His efforts, however, were to no avail
• 1550s - Calvinism makes its way into the
  Netherlands

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Protestant Opposition

• William of Orange - Calvinist who opposed Philip
  II.
• Compromise of 1564 pledge to resist the decrees
  of Trent and the Inquisition.
• Philip sends the Duke Alba to the Netherlands.

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Duke of Alba

• Arrives in Rotterdam 1567
• 10,000 soldiers
• Reign of Terror
• Tenth Penny - Sales Tax

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Resistance Unification

• William of Orange joined forces with Sea
  Beggars
• In 1572, capture the city of Brill
• Pacification of Ghent 1576 - Splits the
  Netherlands.
• - North Protestant
• - South Catholic

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Towards Independence

• Union of Arras supported the Counter-Reformation
  -gt Trent
• Union of Utrecht supported Calvinism.
• 1581 - Wm of Orange declares Independence from
  Spain
• 1584 - He was assassinated!
• Independence not recognized until 1648

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Englands Religious Wars

• Mary Tudor reinstates Catholicism
• Married to Philip II her cousin
• Bloody Mary killed thousands of Protestants
• Died 1558 supposedly giving birth - no heir so
  Elizabeth I became the Regent

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Thomas Cranmers Execution
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Elizabeth I 1558-1603

• A true politique
• Political unity in England
• Re-established the Church of England
• Never marries

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Internal Problems

• Catholicism vs. Protestantism in England.
• Elizabeth sought the middle road
• Protestants split in England
• - Presbyterians
• - Congregationalists

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External Problems

• Problems stem from Spain
• Elizabeth I was the only support and hope for the
  Protestants in northern Europe
• 1585 - Treaty of Nonsuch
• 1587 - executes Mary Scots

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Tilbury Speech
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Spanish Armada 1588
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Political or Religious ?

• The Thirty Years War was the last and most
  destructive wars of religion.
• It established the map of Europe and brought the
  world into modernity.
• BUT was it a political struggle or a religious
  crusade?

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Religious Divisions

• Lutherans were established in the north and
  protected by the Peace of Augsburg.
• Catholics had established a stronghold in France,
  Spain, and HRE.
• Calvinist took over the Palatine under elector
  Frederick III

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Four Periods of War

• Bohemian - 1618-1625
• Danish - 1625-1629
• Swedish - 1630-1635
• Swedish-French - 1635-1648

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Bohemian Period

• Ferdinand a Habsburg Catholic makes an entrance
  in 1618.
• May 1618 - Defenestration of Prague
• Calvinists protest and elect Frederick V to the
  Palatine.
• Ferdinand finds allies in Spain and the Catholic
  League.

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Danish Period

• King of Denmark - Christian IV was a Lutheran
  with BIG goals.
• The Catholic League and Albrecht of Wallenstein,
  a Catholic mercenary.
• Edict of Restitution 1629

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Swedish Period

• Gustavos Adolphus wanted to maximize his
  interests in the mainland.
• Backed by the French and the Dutch
• Killed in 1632 by Wallenstein in the Battle of
  Lutzen.
• Wallenstein assassinated by Ferdinand

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Swedish-French Period

• French moved directly into the war.
• The mostly deadly phase of the war, with over a
  third of the German population being wiped out.
• Resulted in a politically fragmented and weak
  German region.

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Treaty of Westphalia

• Clearly this peace treaty is a secular document,
  but what exactly does it establish?
• How did it significantly bring about the entrance
  into the modern era?

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Interpretations

• What was the motivating factor behind the Thirty
  Years War?
• - Religion
• - Politics
• - Greed

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Next Week

• Briefly trace the paths to power of England and
  France in 17th century and define what the
  differences were in the two distinct formations.
• Focus on ONE either Englands Path to
  Constitutionalism or Frances Success in
  Absolutism.