Title: Kinship Networks and Demography
1Kinship Networks and Demography
Douglas R. White University of California
Irvine With James Moody The Ohio State
University
Population Association of America Minneapolis
Minnesota, May 1 - 3
2Kinship Networks and Demography
- Outline
- Introduction Social Demography and Network
Concepts - A Network Approach to Marriage Rules and
Strategies via Controlled Demographic Simulation - Representing Kinship as A Network P-graphs
- Case Study Examples
- Possible Extensions
3Introduction some questions of interest
- 1 What is the influence of demography on social
structure and the reverse? - 2 How does one measure the demography of marriage
and network behaviors in human populations? - 3 What is the influence of social structure on
such behaviors? - For this purpose social structure is the
network of social bonds among people and with
things to which people have significant links
(property, ideas, material and ecological items).
- Some aspects of social institutions are implied
or included in this definition insofar as they
are an emergent result of social/legal/political
bonds and of responses to demographic pressures.
4Structural demography might include
- The social field of kinship as the place of
(social) reproduction in which structural
endogamies define the reproductive boundaries of
social class, ethnic identities, kinship groups,
and so forth. - The social field of groups, in which cohesion and
coordinated social action emerges within social
networks and connectivities define the limits of
cooperation and competition - The social field of stratification in which
groups (or individuals) are situated (i.e. occupy
structural positions) and centralities define
inequalities among individuals and groups within
social networks.
5The importance of measurement concepts in
structural demography
- Network-based concepts such as structural
endogamy, multiconnectivity, and centrality, when
applied to large scale (community/nation)
networks allows the possibility of a social
network approach to questions about - longitudinal and historical studies of entire
large populations - social studies on norms and behavior
- studies of the relation between the structural
positions of individuals and their behavior - relationships between social structure and
demographic variables
6Example Analyzing cohesion in social groups
(Cohesive Blocking)
- Cohesion is measured by the number of
node-independent paths that hold two nodes
together. Two nodes with k node-independent paths
are k times as resistant to being pulled apart
than if they are connected by a single path. - A k-component of a graph, or a maximal subgraph
that is k-connected (also called a cohesive block
of connectivity k), is a maximal subgraph S in
which no pair of nodes can be disconnected by
removal of k or fewer other nodes in S. The 1-,
2-, and 3-components of a graph G are called,
respectively, components, bicomponents and
tricomponents of G. - Mengers Theorem The minimum node cut set
(connectivity) of a graph G equals the minimum of
the maximum node-independent paths (cohesion)
between any two nodes in G. This is one of the
deepest theorems in graph theory. - If the edges of a graph (network) are weighted
(e.g., at unity), the node-independent flow
between two nodes is the sum over
node-independent paths of minimum weights on
these paths.
E.g., node-independent flow of 2
between a b - a b
(the graph is 2-connected)
7Cohesion via multiple independent paths
- The cohesion of a graph G is independent of path
distances between nodes, and is in this sense a
distributed property of G. - Why do we expect that multiple independent paths,
independent of distances among nodes, will have
important effects above and beyond proximal and
highly distance-dependant effects of interaction? - Briefly, independent of distance (a) Two nodes
with k node-independent paths are k times as
resistant to being pulled apart than if they are
connected by a single path, and (b) The effects
of k node-independent paths within cohesive
blocks are convergent and their effects may thus
be self reinforcing. The higher the connectivity
k, the more cohesive blocks are redundantly
connected (solidary) in this way, and the greater
their potential to act as amplifiers for coherent
patterns of organization. - This concept is useful for generating hypotheses
relating to social networks generally and to
kinship networks in particular.
8Applications of Structural Cohesion
- Emergence and Fission of Groups in Social
Networks - Elite and Class Cohesion
- Community/Ethnic Cohesion
- The Cohesiveness of Blocks in Social Networks
Node Connectivity and Conditional Density (drw
and Frank Harary). 2001. Sociological Methodology
2001, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 305-359 - Social Cohesion and Embeddedness A hierarchical
conception of social groups (Moody and White).
2003. American Sociological Review 68(1)101-24.
9Controlled Demographic Simulation A Network
Approach to Discovering Marriage Rules and
Strategies
- In a quantitative science of social structure
that includes marriage and kinship, how does one - define and evaluate marriage strategies relative
to random baselines? - separate randomizing strategy from
preferential strategy? - detect atomistic strategies (partial, selective)
as well as global or elementary marriage-rules
or strategies? - Controlled Simulation of Marriage Systems,
1999. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social
Simulation 3(2). White
10A Network Approach to Marriage Rules and
Strategies via Controlled Demographic Simulation
Categorical attribute models for marriage mixing
are problematic, due to ambiguities in the
categories and questions about how to nest
various attributes. A relational approach builds
random baselines by comparing against randomized
elements of the observed data. This allows one
to hold constant many elements of the kinship
system (for example, matrimonial decent), while
testing for random mixing in other elements
(flow of husbands through the system).
11Defining the phenomena of endogamy
- Endogamy is the custom of marrying only within
the limits of a clan or tribe. - Practical Strategies
- By categories/attributes
- suffers from problems of specification error
-
- By network relinking
- the generalized phenomena of structural endogamy
as blocks of generalized relinking, (a special
case of network cohesion) with - Subblocks of k-relinkings of k families, with
g-depth in generations - Subblocks of consanguinal (blood) marriage as
within-family relinkings
12Data and RepresentationBuilding Kinship Networks
- To analyze large-scale kinship networks, we need
a generalizable graph representation of kinship
networks. - Problems
- Cultural definitions of kin lead to
cross-cultural ambiguity - Forced to pick primary relations (marriage,
descent) against implied relations (siblings,
cousins, etc.) or include a complete graph with
multiple labeling
13Data and RepresentationBuilding Kinship Networks
The traditional representation is a genealogical
kinship graph
- Individuals are nodes
- Males and females have different shapes
- Edges are of two forms
- Marriage (usually a horizontal, double line)
- Descent (vertical single line)
- Has a western bias toward individuals as the key
actor - Not a valid network, since edges emerge from
dyads - Better solution is the P-graph
14Data and RepresentationBuilding Kinship Networks
P-graphs link pairs of parents (flexible
culturally defined) to their decedents
P-graphs are constructed by
15Data and RepresentationBuilding Kinship Networks
P-graphs link pairs of parents (flexible
culturally defined) to their decedents
P-graphs can be constructed from standard
genealogical data files (.GED), using PAJEK and a
number of other programs. Seehttp//eclectic.ss.
uci.edu/drwhite for guides as to web-site
availability with documentation ( multimedia
representations)
16Data and RepresentationRelating p-graphs to
endogamy
- Cycles in p-graphs are direct markers for
endogamy, and satisfy the elementary requirements
for theories of kinship-based alliances
(Levi-Strauss (1969, Bourdieu 1976) - Circuits in the p-graph are isomorphic with one
or more of - Blood Marriages, where two persons of common
ancestry from a new union - Redoublement dalliance, where unions linking two
co-ancestral lines are redoubled - Renchainement, where two or more intermarried
co-ancestral lines are relinked by a new union
17Data and RepresentationRelating p-graphs to
endogamy
18Programs Availability PAJEK
- PAJEK reads genealogical datasets (.ged files)
both the usual Ego format and in Pgraph format,
with dotted female lines (p Dots) and solid male
lines. - PAJEK Network/Partition/Components/Bicomponent
computes structural endogamy - PAJEK Network/Partition/Depth/Genealogy computes
genealogical depth. This enabled 2D or 3D
drawings of kinship networks. - Manuals for p-graph kinship analysis and
discussions of software programs multimedia
representations are contained in - 1) Analyzing Large Kinship and Marriage Networks
with pgraph and Pajek, Social Science Computer
Review 17(3)245-274. 1999 Douglas R. White,
Vladimir Batagelj Andrej Mrvar. - 2) http//eclectic.ss.uci.edu/pgraph
- 3) http//vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/pajek
19Programs Availability Hypothesis testing
We can use various permutation-based procedures
to test the observed level of endogamy against a
data-realistic random baseline. The
substantive marker for endogamic effectiveness is
whether the level of endogamy is (a) greater than
expected by chance given (b) the genealogical
depth of the graph 1997 Structural Endogamy and
the graphe de parenté. Mathématique,
Informatique et sciences humaines 137107-125.
Paris Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences
Sociales
20Applications of Structural Endogamy Social Class
- Social class as a general way of life, a
sub-culture, tends to be hereditary because (a)
individuals from the same sub-culture tend to
intermarry, and (b) parents bring up their
children to imitate themselves. (Leach, 1970). - If we were to examine the extent to which
particular social class formations were
concomitant with structural endogamy, we would
expect that - Families involved would know "good families and
"suitable matches, - not all children of the class would be "required"
to marry within the class, but social class
inscription would take place through the diffuse
agency of relinking by marriage, - which could both validate the social standing of
the individual and constitute the diffuse but
relinked social unit -- endogamic block -- of
class formation.
21Applications of Structural Endogamy Social Class
Carinthian Farmers
Class is rooted in relations to property, but
the holding of property is particularistic, bound
by social relations that channel its inheritance
within particular sets of personal biographies,
such as those linked by kinship and marriage. As
property flows through a social network, its
biography unfolds as a history of the transfer
from person to person or group to group.
(p.162) Institutions (such as class), emerge out
of the networked actions and choices devolving in
turn in specific and changing historical context.
A duality of persons and property, each linked
through the others, thus characterizes the class
system.
Source 1997 Class, Property and Structural
Endogamy Visualizing Networked Histories,
Theory and Society 25161-208. Lilyan Brudner and
Douglas White
22Applications of Structural Endogamy Social Class
Carinthian Farmers
- Empirical setting Inheritance of property among
families in an Austrian Village - Background In the Austrian farming valleys of
southern Carinthia, the perpetuation of Slovenian
ethnicities and Windisch dialects has been
associated with heirship of farmsteads. Unlike
many rural areas (and as predicted by Weber and
others), farms tended to be inherited complete,
without the kind of splitting that fractures
classes. - Main hypothesis That two social classes emerged
historically in this village and have long
remained distinct as a product of differential
marriage strategies. - The mechanism for keeping land intact is that a
structurally endogamous farmstead-owner social
class emerged from marriages that relinked stem
family or heirship lines that were already
intermarried. The relinked couples inheriting
farmsteads recombined primary heirships with
secondary quitclaim land parcels allowing
stability in reconstituting impartible-core
farmsteads.
Source 1997 Class, Property and Structural
Endogamy Visualizing Networked Histories,
Theory and Society 25161-208. Lilyan Brudner and
Douglas White
23Applications of Structural Endogamy Social Class
Carinthian Farmers
- Data
- Extensive field work
- Archival Records of farmstead transfers starting
in the 16th century - Genealogical histories on families collected by
Brudner - Supplemented from data collected by White from
gravestones and church records - Facts about the setting
- Village population has been (relatively) stable
from 1759 1961, fluctuating between 618 (1923)
to 720 (1821) - Most transfers are through inheritance, but the
data includes purchases as well. - Daughters tend to move to their husbands house of
residence - Purchase of farmsteads for sons is common, but
rare for daughters - Daughters tend to bring a land dowry to a
marriage
Source 1997 Class, Property and Structural
Endogamy Visualizing Networked Histories,
Theory and Society 25161-208. Lilyan Brudner and
Douglas White
24Applications of Structural Endogamy Social Class
Carinthian Farmers
Source 1997 Class, Property and Structural
Endogamy Visualizing Networked Histories,
Theory and Society 25161-208. Lilyan Brudner and
Douglas White
25Applications of Structural Endogamy Social Class
Carinthian Farmers
Source 1997 Class, Property and Structural
Endogamy Visualizing Networked Histories,
Theory and Society 25161-208. Lilyan Brudner and
Douglas White
26Applications of Structural Endogamy Social Class
Carinthian Farmers
Structural Endogamy w. Ancestors Structural Endogamy w. Ancestors Structural Endogamy w. Ancestors Structural Endogamy w. Ancestors Structural Endogamy w. Ancestors Structural Endogamy w. Ancestors Structural Endogamy w. Ancestors
Generation 1 2 3 4 5 6
Present Present Present Present Present Present Present
Actual 8 16 70 179 257 318
Simulated 0 0 32 183 273 335
Back 1 gen Back 1 gen Back 1 gen Back 1 gen Back 1 gen Back 1 gen Back 1 gen
Actual 8 58 168 246 308 339
Simulated 0 18 168 255 320 347
Back 2 gen Back 2 gen Back 2 gen Back 2 gen Back 2 gen Back 2 gen Back 2 gen
Actual 26 115 178 243 278 292
Simulated 0 98 194 262 291 310
Source 1997 Class, Property and Structural
Endogamy Visualizing Networked Histories,
Theory and Society 25161-208. Lilyan Brudner and
Douglas White
27Applications of Structural Endogamy Social Class
Carinthian Farmers
Source 1997 Class, Property and Structural
Endogamy Visualizing Networked Histories,
Theory and Society 25161-208. Lilyan Brudner and
Douglas White
28Applications of Structural Endogamy Elite
Structural Endogamy Rural Javanese Elites
Empirical Setting Muslim village elites have
their own compounds and extensive landholdings
that qualify them for village leadership. They
often marry blood relatives, while commoners do
not. Key questions Javanese peasant villages
are often characterized as a loose social
structure. Is the blood-marriage endogamy we see
among village elites simply due to the
demographic constraints imposed by very
restricted size of the elite group, with the
elites and commoners sharing the same loose
rules of marriage? Data Extensive field work,
genealogies and ethnography by Thomas Schweizer
29Applications of Structural Endogamy Elite
Structural Endogamy Rural Javanese Elites
- Results
- Apparent differences in marriage patterns of
elites and commoners were due to a common
cultural practice of status endogamy, which for
elites implied a set of potential mates whose
smaller size implied marriage among blood
relatives within a few generations. - Given a common rule of division of inheritance,
closer marital relinkings among elites
facilitated the reconsolidation of wealth within
extended families - Extended families so constituted operated with a
definite set of rules for the division of
productive resources so as to distribute access
to mercantile as well as landed resources. - Graphic technique Nuclear families as the unit
of p-graph analysis, additional arrows for
property flows, and extended family as
constituted by marital relinking and the
repartitioning of mercantile and properties
resources.
- Source 1998 Kinship, Property and
Stratification in Rural Java A Network Analysis
(White and Schweizer). pp. 36-58, In, Thomas
Schweizer and Douglas White, eds. Kinship,
Networks, and Exchange. Cambridge University
Press.
30- Statistical tests of the STATUS ENDOGAMY
hypothesis using simulation tests - for a Javanese Village (Dukuh Hamlet and Muslim
Elites), Test of Actual versus Simulated
Marriage among Consanguineal Kin conclusion no
preferred marriages beyond status endogamy - key A frequency of actual marriages with a
given type of relative - S frequency of simulated random marriages
with a given type of relative - TA total of actual relatives of this type
- TS total of simulated relatives of this
type - Javanese elites Dukuh Hamlet
3-Way Test - A S TA TS p type A S TA TS p type
- 1 1 0 4 3 .625 FBD 0 1 9 12 .591 FBD
p1.0 - 2 1 2 2 3 .714 MBD 1 0 11 16 .429 MBD
p1.0 - 3 2 1 3 2 .714 FZDD 0 0 11 0 FZDD
p1.0 - 4 0 1 6 7 .571 ZD 0 0 18 24 ZD
p1.0 - 0 0 11 11 Z 0 0 36 43 Z
- 0 0 4 4 BD 0 0 22 27 BD
- 0 0 2 2 ZSD
- 0 0 3 3 BDD 0 0 8 8 BDD
- 0 0 3 3 ZDD
31Applications of Structural Endogamy Social
Integration through Marriage Systems Kandyan
Irrigation Farmers in Sri Lanka
Empirical Setting An immensely detailed network
ethnography by Sir Edmund Leach demonstrates how
kinship relations are strategically constructed
through matrimonial alliances that alter the flow
of inheritance of land and water rights by
deviating from normal agnatic (fathers-side)
rights to property and emphasizing the secondary
rights of daughters, with expectation that
property alienated through marriage will flow
back to the agnatic group through the completion
of elaborate marriage exchanges between the two
sides of the kindred. Key question Is there a
hidden order of marital practices that links to
the two-sidedness of kinship terminology and
Leachs earlier findings about balanced and
reciprocated exchanges? Data genealogies,
inheritances, classifications of normal and
exceptional residence practices and of normal and
exceptional types of marriage.
Source 1998 Network Mediation of Exchange
Structures Ambilateral Sidedness and Property
Flows in Pul Eliya, Sri Lanka (Houseman and
White). pp. 59-89, In, Thomas Schweizer and drw,
eds. Kinship, Networks, and Exchange. CUP.
32Applications of Structural Endogamy Social
Integration through Marriage Systems Kandyan
Irrigation Farmers in Sri Lanka
- Results Reveals that Leach had not seen, and
could not for lack of requisite tools of
analysis, that marriages were organized in
response to a logic called dividedness and (in
another form) sidedness. - the matrimonial network is bipartite, the
marriages of the parents and those of the
children divide themselves into two distinct
ensembles (which have nothing to do with
moieties). - Graphic technique Nuclear families as the unit
of p-graph analysis, analysis of blood marriages,
sibling sets and of inheritance or bequests
revealed the underlying logic of marital
sidedness. - Key concepts bipartite graph and sidedness
sidedness is an empirical bipartition of a
matrimonial network, reiterated from one
generation to another following a sexual
criterion. The next slide the sidedness of the
Pul Eliyan networks operating through the male
line, with some female heirs acting as agnatic
channels for inheritance where there are no male
heirs (I.e., they lack brothers).
Source 1998 Network Mediation of Exchange
Structures Ambilateral Sidedness and Property
Flows in Pul Eliya, Sri Lanka (Houseman and
White). pp. 59-89, In, Thomas Schweizer and drw,
eds. Kinship, Networks, and Exchange. CUP.
33P-graph of Pul Eliyan Sidedness
34P-graph of Pul Eliyan Sidedness
Curved lines follow property flows, dashed lines
are gifts. Property re-connects across the
sided lines.
35- Frequencies of Actual versus Simulated
Consanguineal Marriages for Pul Eliya, Sri Lanka.
Conclusions All blood marriages are
patri-sided, and secondarily, only - MBD is a marriage that is especially preferred
- Type Actual Simul Total Total
Fisher-----Blood Marriage------
(2)Viri-Sided? - of Mar. Freq. Freq. Actual Simul Exact type
P-graph notation Actual Simul - 12 5 0 40 38 p.042 MBD(1)GFFG
yes - 2 3 1 39 40 .317 FZD GGFF
yes - 1 0 1 56 57 .508 FZ GGF
no - 3 0 1 6 6 .538 FFFZDSD
GGGGFGFF no - 4 1 0 3 1 .800 FFMZDSSD
GGGFFGGFF yes - 5 0 1 5 3 .444 FFMBDSDD
GGGFFFGFG no - 6 1 0 18 15 .558 FMBSD
GGFFGG yes - 7 0 1 17 12 .433 FMBDD
GGFFFG no - 8 2 1 18 12 .661 FMZDD
GGFFFF yes - 9 0 1 9 5 .399 FMMBSSD
GGFFFGGG no - 10 0 1 4 5 .600 FMMFZSSD
GGFFGFGGF yes - 11 0 1 6 3 .400 FMMFZDSD
GGFFGFGFF yes - 13 0 1 25 27 .528 MBSD GFFGG
yes - 14 1 0 14 10 .600 MFZDD
GFGFFF yes
Source 1998 Network Mediation of Exchange
Structures Ambilateral Sidedness and Property
Flows in Pul Eliya, Sri Lanka (Houseman and
White). pp. 59-89, In, Thomas Schweizer and drw,
eds. Kinship, Networks, and Exchange. CUP.
36- Correlating Actual versus Simulated non-MBD
marriages for Pul Eliya, showing tendency towards
a Viri-Sided (Dravidian) Marriage Rule - Viri-Sided Unsided
- Actual 18 0
- Simulated 5 7
- (p.0004 p.000004 using the binomial test of
5050 expected)
Source 1998 Network Mediation of Exchange
Structures Ambilateral Sidedness and Property
Flows in Pul Eliya, Sri Lanka (Houseman and
White). pp. 59-89, In, Thomas Schweizer and drw,
eds. Kinship, Networks, and Exchange. CUP.
37- Correlating Balanced vs. Unbalanced Cycles in
Actual versus Simulated marriage networks for Pul
Eliya, showing a perfectly Sided (Dravidian)
Marriage Rule -
- A. Viri-sidedness
- Actual Expected
- Balanced Cycles (Even length) 25 17.5
- Unbalanced Cycles (Odd Length) 10 17.5
- p.008
- (all exceptions involve relinkings between
nonconsanguineal relatives) - B. Amblilateral-sidedness
(womens sidedness adjusted by
inheritance rules) - Actual Expected
- Balanced Cycles (Even length) 35 17.5
- Unbalanced Cycles (Odd Length) 0 17.5
- p.00000000003
Source 1998 Network Mediation of Exchange
Structures Ambilateral Sidedness and Property
Flows in Pul Eliya, Sri Lanka (Houseman and
White). pp. 59-89, In, Thomas Schweizer and drw,
eds. Kinship, Networks, and Exchange. CUP.
38 Applications of Structural Endogamy A Turkish
Nomadic Clan as prototype of Middle Eastern
segmented lineage systems The Role of Marital
Cohesion
Empirical Setting An Arabized nomadic clan
having the characteristic segmented patrilineages,
lineage endogamy, and FBD (fathers brothers
daughter) marriages Key questions Is this a
prototype of a widespread variety of
decentralized self-organizing lineage system
stemming Arab societies or societies Arabized
along with the spread of Islam in 7th and 8th
century? Data Genealogies on two thousand clan
members and their ancestors, from 1800 to the
present, a long-term ethnography by Professor
Ulla C. Johansen, University of Cologne
39Applications of Structural Endogamy A Turkish
Nomadic Clan as prototype of Middle Eastern
segmented lineage systems The Role of Marital
Cohesion
Sources 2002 Ulla Johansen and Douglas R.
White, Collaborative Long-Term Ethnography And
Longitudinal Social Analysis of a Nomadic Clan In
Southeastern Turkey, pp. 81-99, Chronicling
Cultures Long-Term Field Research in
Anthropology, eds. R. van Kemper and A. Royce.
AltaMira Press. 2003 Douglas R. White and
Michael Houseman The Navigability of Strong Ties
Small Worlds, Tie Strength and Network Topology,
Complexity 8(1). 2003 Douglas R. White and Ulla
Johansen. Network Analysis and Ethnographic
Problems Process Models of a Turkish Nomad Clan.
Lexington and AltaMira. In Press.
40p-graph of the conicality of the nomad clan
Applications of Structural Endogamy A Turkish
Nomadic Clan as prototype of Middle Eastern
segmented lineage systems The Role of Marital
Cohesion
Data
Generations
41Applications of Structural Endogamy A Turkish
Nomadic Clan as prototype of Middle Eastern
segmented lineage systems The Role of Marital
Cohesion
Structural Endogamy of the nomad clan
Results
- The index of relinking of a kinship graph is a
measure of the extent to which marriages take
place among descendents of a limited set of
ancestors. - For the nomad clan the index of relinking is
75, which is extremely high by world standards. - This is a picture of the structurally endogamous
or relinked marriages within the nomad clan
(nearly 75 or all marriages)
42Applications of Structural Endogamy A Turkish
Nomadic Clan as prototype of Middle Eastern
segmented lineage systems The Role of Marital
Cohesion
Does staying together as a clan depend on marital
relinking? Results Testing the hypothesis for
stayers versus leavers
Relinked Non-Relinking
Marriages Marriages
Totals villagers who became clan members
2 1 3 clan
Husband and Wife 148
0 148 Hu married to
tribes with reciprocal exchange 12
14 26 Hu left for village life
13 23
36 Hu married to village wife (34) or
husband (1) 11 24 35
Hu married to tribes w/out reciprocal exchange
2 12 5 members who
left for another tribe 0
8 8 villagers not joined to
clan 1 3
4 tribes non-clan
by origin Totals
189 85 274
Pearsons coefficient r.95 without middle cells
43Applications of Structural Endogamy A Turkish
Nomadic Clan as prototype of Middle Eastern
segmented lineage systems The Role of Marital
Cohesion
Results Rather than treat types of marriage one
by one FBD, MBD etc., we treat them as an
ensemble and plot their frequency distribution
44Applications of Structural Endogamy A Turkish
Nomadic Clan as prototype of Middle Eastern
segmented lineage systems The Role of Marital
Cohesion
Results reversing axes, types of marriage are
ranked here to show that numbers of blood
marriages follow a power-law (indexical of
self-organizing preferential attachments) while
affinal relinking frequencies follow an
exponential distribution
45Applications of Structural Endogamy A Turkish
Nomadic Clan as prototype of Middle Eastern
segmented lineage systems The Role of Marital
Cohesion
Results Does the high degree of structural
endogamy create a single root to the nomadic clan?
An apical (circled) ancestor of the 90 of those
down to todays nomad clan members. Attributing
common unilineal descent because of common roots
is a common feature of Middle Eastern lineages
46Applications of Structural Endogamy A Turkish
Nomadic Clan as prototype of Middle Eastern
segmented lineage systems The Role of Marital
Cohesion
Results Summary
- Who stays and who returns to village life is
predicted from kinship bicomponent membership. - Bicomponent relinking also plays a role in the
emergence of a root ancestor, and of more
localized root ancestors for different levels of
kinship groupings. - Dynamic reconfigurations of political factions
and their leaders are predicted from ensembles
with different levels of edge-independent
connectivity. - An index of the decline of cohesion of the clan
would be the fragmentation of cohesive components
in later generations... - Key concepts bicomponent, edge-independent
paths, connectivity. - Graphic technique nuclear families as the unit
of p-graph analysis. - An explanation of methods will be found in a book
ms. Social Dynamics of a Nomadic Clan in
Southeastern Turkey An Introduction to Networked
Histories. Douglas White and Ulla Johansen. For
submission to Westview or Altamira Press.
47Summary and Extensions Where would the concept of
structural endogamy connect to current population
concerns?
Social reproduction of ethnicity through
differential fertility
Differences in reproductive rates by social
groups mean that genealogical distance is shorter
in some groups than others, likely implying very
different relinking patterns. For example, if
one race/ethnic group tends to (a) couple
younger, (b) have children younger, and/or (c)
re-marry/couple more often than another
race/ethnic group, then social divisions between
those groups will likely expand, and we would
likely see a stronger social reproduction of
class within the more strongly re-linked
group. Current (historical) work w. Padgett on
Florentine families (N98,000) works through some
of these ideas.
48Summary and Extensions Where would the concept of
structural endogamy connect to current population
concerns?
Ethnic Intermarriage and the identification of
ethnicity
- There is a direct link between questions of
structural endogamy and inter-group marriage,
that is ripe for an extension. - Classical models in this area fit log-linear
models to husband_race by wife_race mixing
tables. We can broaden our view of inter-mixing,
by tracking the salience of race/ethnicity as the
degree to which race and ethnicity reflect real
communities through re-linking. - If ethnically-based endogamy decreases over time,
for example, then we can argue for a decreasing
salience of that ethnicity. - Looking forward, the re-linkied community of
today can become the ethnicity of tommorow in a
processual sense - An interesting extension will be to the
demarcations between ethnicities within relinked
communities. Is the pattern really one of total
group mixing, or is contact at the peripheries of
communities?
49Summary and Extensions Where would the concept of
structural endogamy connect to current population
concerns?
Class Mobility
- We can make a similar line of argument for
national/ regional elite structures. - Historically, white elites sent their children to
a very small subset of all schools (boarding and
college), where they mixed within a very small
set of potential marriage partners. - This would emerge as an endogomous class of
elites (We can show, for example, that almost all
US Presidents can be relinked to a common elite
US ancestor). - If recent attempts at affirmative action and
universal education have been successful, then we
would expect greater out-marriage and lower
re-linking
50- Bibliography
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Structural Endogamy Visualizing Networked
Histories, Theory and Society 25161-208. - Houseman and White. 1998 Network Mediation of
Exchange Structures Ambilateral Sidedness and
Property Flows in Pul Eliya, Sri Lanka pp.
59-89, In, Thomas Schweizer and drw, eds.
Kinship, Networks, and Exchange. CUP. - Moody and White. 2003. Social Cohesion and
Embeddedness A hierarchical conception of social
groups American Sociological Review 68101-24. - White. 1997. Structural Endogamy and the graphe
de parenté Mathématique, Informatique et
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Systems Journal of Artificial Societies and
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Pajek, Social Science Computer Review
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Blocks in Social Networks Node Connectivity and
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31305-359 - White and Jorion. 1996. Kinship Networks and
Discrete Structure Theory Applications and
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Stratification in Rural Java A Network Analysis
pp. 36-58, In, Thomas Schweizer and Douglas
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Cambridge University Press.
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