The Rise of Sovereignty

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The Rise of Sovereignty

• Louis XIV Absolutism personified
• r. 1643-1715

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By the end of the 11th century, and for the
following 200 years, kings and powerful lords
imposed greater order in their territories.
Where these kings succeeded, strong dynastic
states emerged. Where the monarchs failed, as
they did in the Holy Roman Empire and Italy, no
viable states evolved until the 1860s.
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Spain

• 1469 Ferdinand and Isabella
• Reconquista
• Purity of Blood
• Orthodoxy of Faith/Inquisition
• 1492!
• 1516 Charles V- height of the Spanish Empire
• 1556 Philip II- wars against the Muslims, Dutch
  and the English bankrupted Spain-squandered all
  the gold and silver from Spanish America

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The Hapsburg empire of Charles V. 1516-1556
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Austria

• The Hapsburgs- used marriage, Catholicism and
  foreign threats to consolidate power
• Thirty Years War, Peace of Westphalia, 1618-1648
  tightened Hapsburg control over eastern states of
  HRE and control of Bohemia and Hungary.
• War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) Austria
  emerged, along with England, as a major force in
  European political life

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Prussia

• 1415- Hohenzollern family ruled Brandenburg
• 1616 Inherited Prussia as a fief from Polish
  king began a dream to unite two provinces
  further holdings grew through marriage and
  inheritance
• 1653 Frederick William - deal with nobles
  made serfdom permanent but lost their voice in
  governing.
• Frederick William I The Soldier-king No natural
  boundaries emphasized defensive army
• The military class (Junkers) served as the
  bureaucracy
• Frederick the Great (1740-1786) established
  Prussia as a great power

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Russia

• 1584-1613 time of troubles ended with the
  election of Mikhail Romanov as Czar
• 1682-1725 Peter the Great
• Copied Prussia's political arrangement
  guaranteeing serfdom to be permanent
• Ignored advice from the aristocracy
• Reformed the army in the manner of France
• Built a navy- learned ship-building from the
  Dutch
• Declared himself head of Orthodox Church
• Built St. Petersburg- window to the west

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Holy Roman Empire

• Failed to create a unified state- Emperor (a
  Hapsburg) was an elected office dependent on the
  Catholic church and the nobility
• Emperors preoccupied with Italy and the Pope
• Charles V fought wars against Lutherans, Turks
  and French as well as his own fiercely
  independent princes
• 1555 Peace of Augsberg granted religious
  toleration to each ruling family, (ending any
  possibility for religious unity.)

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Francis I (1515-1547) concluded an agreement with
Pope Leo X (Concordant of Bologna) permitting the
king of France to nominate and therefore appoint
his choice of Bishops to the French church (the
Gallican church.
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• Henry IV (1589-1610) Paris is well worth a
  mass

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Louis XIV1638-1715 Reigned 1643-1715

• The Sun King

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• "The State is the King and I am the King -
• l'etat c'est moi

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Louis XIII Anne of Austria
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Cardinal Richelieu, PM 1624 - 1642

• First modern Prime Minister
• raison d'etat
• Broke power of the nobility
• Created Intendants
• Harrassed Huguenots

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Cardinal Mazarin, PM1643-1661
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Le Fronde, 1648-1653
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The Palace of Versailles, 1662-1682
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The Hall of Mirrors, 225 ft long!
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The Nobility
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Domestic policies

• Intendants
• Edict of Nantes
• Lettres de cachet
• The Old Bargain
• Tax Farmers
• Mercantilism

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Jean-Baptiste Colbert, 1619-1667Economic policy
of Mercantilism

• Favorable balance of trade
• Self-sufficient empire/colonies
• Govt subsidies to establish new industries
• Abolished internal tariffs/raised external
• Forbid exportation of foodstuffs
• Built roads and canals
• Expanded navy
• Created standards of excellence of everything
  French

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Foreign Policy-War

• The 1st Dutch War, 1667-1668
• The 2nd Dutch War, 1672-1678
• War with the League of Augsberg, 1688-1697
• War of the Spanish Succession, 1702-1713
• For 46 of his 72 year reign France was at war
  goal secure natural boundaries (Rhine river)

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The impact of Louis XIV

• 20 of population died during his reign
• Famine and unrest were common
• Trade disrupted
• Tax system ruined
• Treasury bankrupt

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The End...any questions?